Basic Education in Lesotho - 1582 Words

THE BASIC EDUCATION OF LESOTHO Education in Lesotho is divided into four main sub-sectors, namely Basic education, Secondary Education, Technical vocational Education and Training and High Education. The practice and policies guiding the Basic education sub-sector, the sub-sector’s philosophy, how relevant to the clientele are the programmes, or the subjects offered and whether Adult Education can influence the policy and practice of Basic Education shall be displayed or examined in the essay. Basic Education according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), comprises of primary education and lower secondary education, whilst in Lesotho is regarded as continuous from the first seven years of primary school†¦show more content†¦Non formal and formal educations were to complement each other in a way or another. Thus, both young and old needed education which is functional or practical per say. According to the Education sector Strategic Plan 2002-2015 the main policy in Basic Education sub-sector is Education for all â€Å"Ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, children in difficult circumstances and those belong to ethnic minorities, have access to and complete compulsory primary education of good quality. Policies are simply guidelines by which the government shall achieve their goals or objectives basing itself from the foundation of the philosophy of basic education – Education for all Basotho and the provision of sufficient numbers of people with appropriate qualifications, technical and managerial skills to ensure the development of the modern sector of the economy. How the policy was to be implemented was to follow the government goals as they are stipulated in the strategic plan. The goals are as follows, a) to provide primary education for all Basotho, b) to provide sufficient numbers of people with occupational, technical and managerial skills, c) to provide opportunities for continuing education both in basic skills such as literacy and numeracy and in more advanced skills in industry and the government, d) to incorporate cultural values in schoolShow MoreRelatedThe Prevalence Of Hiv Is Higher Among Women Essay2100 Words   |  9 PagesThe prevalence of HIV is higher among women (30%) than men (19%) (Ministry of Health [Lesotho] ICF International, 2014). For both men and women, HIV prevalence increases with age and then declines. HIV prevalence is highest for women at age group 35-39 (46%) and for men at age group 40-44 (44%). Taking employment into consideration, employed individuals in Lesotho have higher prevalence of HIV than unemploy ed for both men and women. The prevalence among employed men and women is 39% and 23%, respectivelyRead MoreA Perspective of Poverty and HIV on Sub-Saharan Africa1018 Words   |  4 PagesFaso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Democratic Republic), Cà ´te dIvoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Laney 2 Rà ©union, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda,Read MoreHealth Cases throughout the World975 Words   |  4 Pagesresulted in high infant mortality rate and incidence of preventable childhood and adult illnesses. Education and health indicators in the rural areas are also as poor as the people themselves. Progresa (The programa de Educacion, Salud y Alimentacion) or Oportunidades was established to provide incentives to poor families in the form of cash transfers in a horizontal way. Focusing on health, education and nutrition in Mexico, cash transfers were given to poor families in Progresa. The program targetedRead MoreThe Birth Of Marriage And Marriage1539 Words   |  7 Pagesto provide for the child despite the mother’s desires for her children’s upbringing. At the time of marriage, the rights of the father over his daughter are transferred directly to the husband. The m atrimony process typically proceeds through four basic steps of payment, ceremony, cohabitation, and consummation. This final step implies that for a marriage to be considered valid, the woman must engage in sexual relations whether or not her body has achieved physical maturity. Moreover, the legitimatizationRead MoreSouth Africa s Location Of The Continent Of Africa2209 Words   |  9 Pagesboarders Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. One interesting thing is that there is a landlocked, surrounded on all sides by land, country of Lesotho. This is evident by Map 1, shown below, that shows South Africa in the red box and the darker brown country within South Africa being Lesotho. Which still remains true today, Lesotho is still its own country with an unsettled relationship with South Africa. Map 1: South Africa’s location on Africa (South Africa, 2015) The country hasRead MoreImproved Status for Women1455 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen excluded, they lacked many of the skills that were needed in the workplace. Women that come from very traditional homes (where from a tender age they were only taught how to eventually become good wives and never received any form of further education, were disadvantage compared to some urban dwellers. In order to assist them reach their full potential various projects were aimed at empowering women. Projects were not only set up by national government, but by non-governmental organisations (NGOs)Read MoreRacial And Economic Justice Can Be Achieved Without Violence2140 Words   |  9 PagesMogale City. The government then passed the Bantu Education Act in 1953. This law lowered the standards of education for black South Africans and greatly limited their chances of receiving good quality higher education. For a few years I tried my best to provide good education to his students in spite of the legal lim itations, but grew increasingly frustrated at this Act which explicitly promoted inequality. Unwilling to be a part of the corrupt education system anymore, I resigned from my teaching jobRead MoreWorld Geography Level : South Africa1599 Words   |  7 Pagessouthern portion of Africa. Countries that border South Africa are Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. The bodies of water surrounding the country is the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Also in South Africa are two provinces, Swaziland and Lesotho. If you were to locate South Africa with longitude and latitude it would be 30 ° S, 25 ° E. The land of South Africa features many amazing sights and spectacles. Some land features include its great interior plateau stretching many miles across theRead More1. The History Of The Black People Of South Africa Is Currently1712 Words   |  7 Pageshad difficult duty of raising their children on a diminished income and in the inhumane apartheid system of South Africa. Nonetheless, his parents, especially his mother, instill the important of becoming an excellent student and attain higher education for upper class mobility and economic advancement. In 1952, Steve Biko attended St Andrews Primary School and Charles Morgan Higher Primary School, he was well-known as very intelligent student who was allowed to skip the 4th grade. He was knownRead MorePsychobiography on Nelson Mandela2020 Words   |  9 Pagesreforms, and expand clinical and healthcare services. Nelson Mandela played an international role of acting as a mediator between the United Kingdom and Libya in the bombing trial of Pan Am Flight 103. He also oversaw the intervention of military in Lesotho. His deputy, Thabo Mbeki, succeeded him after he refused to go for a second term. He then became an elder states man, shifting his focus on charitable work including laying out strategies to help reduce the deadly HIV/AIDS and combating poverty in

The British Culture Free Essays

People can generally identify themselves as part of a larger culture, which means that they hold many of the same values and beliefs as those around them. But they might not be aware of being part of one or more subcultures. These exist within the larger culture but are marked by differences. We will write a custom essay sample on The British Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now A subculture is a group of people who are part of a larger culture, but who separate themselves by their own unique beliefs and behaviours. In the 1950s David Riesman, a United States sociologist, distinguished between the majority that passively accepted the styles, standards and meanings given to them and a minority. This subculture sought its own meanings of things, interpreting them in what Riesman calls â€Å"subversive values. † Culture sociologist Sarah Thornton believes that subcultures raise their status through their subculture so as to differentiate themselves from other groups. Ken Gelder states that subcultures are very social, sharing conventions, values and rituals with those in their subculture even if they do not share those values with the greater culture, in the following research; we will see all the different British subcultures which make the United Kingdom one of the richest cultures in the world.. The England culture: It sometimes becomes difficult to separate the culture of England from the influences of the culture of the United Kingdom. England Culture has come along way and has developed over several millennia, to recent movements such as Brit Art and now encompasses a variety of forms which include photography, painting, sculpture and performance art. Cuisines of England also influence the England culture to a great extent. The urbanized workers of England were in many cases cut off from regional food traditions as the country was the first industrialized country of the world. More recently, a new style of cooking called Modern British has emerged that combines traditional British ingredients with foreign culinary influences. English folklore that has evolved in England over a number of centuries is yet another aspect that influences the Culture of England. England thrives with folklore in all forms such as the traditional semi-mystical Arthurian legends and semi-historical Robin Hood tales, to contemporary urban myths and facets of crypto zoology. Culture of England is lame till we include the heritage of the country as it is massively affected and influenced by it.  Also you can read about  History of the Culinary Arts. In recent years, Stonehenge has become a focus for modern summer solstice celebrations. Though the Stonehenge pre-dates the existence of England as a nation, it is believed by many English people to hold an iconic place in the culture of England. English literature has been made rich by the famous works by the popular writer of the past like William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy and many more. Just like literature, English music has been instrumental in influencing the England Culture to a large extent. Talking about food, there are few food-related taboos in England. Some of the English avoid some foods for so-called hygienic reasons, such as onions and leeks, which can cause bad breath. There are also some types of foods that are considered uncivilized. Traditionally, the people of England have never eaten horses, dogs and other carnivores or insects. Slowly, the eating of meat is looked on as uncivilized. As part of the shift away from meat toward fruit, vegetables, and fish, people have become more distanced from the production of the meat they eat and less willing to eat as wide a variety of meats. The Scottish culture: The Culture of Scotland will give you a glimpse of the rich historical past of the country. Scotland is a nation which is well positioned in the north-west part of Europe. Scotland also beautifully shares a border with England. It is bordered by the Irish Sea and the North Channel to the southwest, the North Sea lies to the east while the north and west part of Scotland is bordered by Atlantic Ocean. The Culture of Scotland is influenced by the residents of the Scottish Highlands who basically belong to the Celtic descent. To the Southern part of Scotland, the residents are Scots with little bit of Nordic and Anglo-Saxon influence. The people of Scotland have a love for learning. If we look at the history of Scotland it is found that their history is full of educated persons who acquired university educations. In the beginning of the 20th century, Andrew Carnegie who was the Scottish-born American industrialist made education easy. In the Culture at Scotland, we can find the celebrations of Hogmanay, which is basically the celebration of to mark the beginning of New Year. In the Culture of Scotland, there is the tradition of taking out Torchlight Parade in Edinburgh. People take part in the Torchlight Parade which is held on the 29th December on each and every year. The people taking part in this parade carry wax torches and walk on foot through the popular streets of the city. The Hogmanay street party organized on New Years Eve last for three nights. We can also find the celebrations of Christmas like that of any other European countries. People take part in Christmas celebrations with great pomp and glory. During this period people go to churches and arrange gala lunch and dinner parties for ones friends and relatives. There is also many Scottish celebrations, one of them is the Burning of the Clavie which celebrates the New Year, old style, which falls on 11 January (unless 11 January is a Sunday, in which case the celebration is held on 10 January). The Clavie is a half-cask, mounted securely on a pole, and filled with staves of wood and inflammable liquid. If we are interested in the Scottish food, the region has a very distinctive cuisine that is usually based on traditional foods. Food of Scotland mainly comprises of the Scottish foods. Food of Scotland is really mouth-watering which will positively satisfy your appetite. Some of the popular traditional Food of Scotland that you can try out while on a tour to Scotland is: -Scottish Beef: The beef cattle belonging to Aberdeen Angus breed reared in Scotland. Steaks made from these cattle beefs are really very tasty. Bannocks or Oatcakes: This dish is an oat flour biscuit that is baked on a griddle. Nowadays people usually prefer to sample bannocks with cheese. The culture of Wales: The nation of Wales is a major part of United Kingdom but the Culture of Wales is quite distinct from the rest of England. The nation of Wales is known to preserve its own distinguishing culture, language, art and music. The national emblem of Wales includes leek and daffodil. The Welsh Dragon is a significant part of the Culture of Wales. The country of Wales is extended 274 kilometers in the north to south and about 97 kilometers east to west. The eastern side of the country of Wales is bordered by England, the southern side is covered by the Mor Hafren or the Bristol Channel, the western side has St. George’s Channel and the northern side has the Irish Sea. The total area of the coastline is over 1,200 kilometers and includes several islands that lie off the Welsh mainland. The Welsh culture exhibits the true essence of the region and tourists are introduced to the colorful and vibrant cultural heritage of the nation. Gradually with the change in times a modern outlook developed among the Welsh and thus a different meaning was attached to the Culture of Wales. Cultural Tours of Wales provide you an idea of the religion, arts and crafts of the region as well as the language. Religion, music and sport are among the indispensable part of the Cultural Heritage of Wales. Basket making, candle making and knitting are among the popular arts and crafts of Wales. Wales is famous for music and poetry and Culture of Wales has a great affinity to the most well-known musical image of Wales. Wales has a long tradition of folk song and has a long history of the instrumental tradition. The most widely practiced religion in Wales is Christianity and include to the diverse Culture of Wales. Culture of the performing arts in the Swansea provides you great source of entertainment. Festival of Music and the Arts plays an important part in promoting Wales Tourism. The Festival of Music and Art brings a great cultural gathering. Culture of Wales is presented mainly at the Swansea, Pembroke, Llandeilo, Narberth and Tenby. These places are perfect for the region’s deep-rooted cultural aspect that includes arts and craft and musical performances. When it comes to entertainment, the country of Wales posses a rich culture and history and the people here enjoy lots of festivals. Festivals and Events in Wales are celebrated throughout the year; the festival of Eisteddfodau for example, known as cultural gathering, is one of the major Wales Festivals and Events. The biggest celebration is the Royal National Eisteddfodd of Wales, which is generally held in the early period of the month of August. There is another version of this festival of International Eisteddfod festival that is held every year in the month of July. The festival of Eisteddfod is a cultural competition that has its root in the ancient times. This festival celebrates the victory of the British from the Norman invasion. Among the other Festivals and Events in Wales, one is the Royal Welsh Agricultural Show. This festival is held in July and in these festivals there is a wonderful exhibition of several spectacular agricultural products that have their own beauty and are unique. You can also enjoy a host of oddball events throughout the year. The city of Brecon is known for its jazz festival and the fine food festival of Abergavenny is also very popular. The Irish culture: Ireland is rich in history and has also been the home to many talented writers including the likes of Oscar Wilde. Ireland has made a large contribution in literature and the very traditional folk music combined with the beautiful steps of the Irish dance all reflect the rich culture of Ireland. The people of Ireland are known to be very hospitable and friendly in nature. Having a family life is considered of great importance in Ireland. The traditional ways of the Irish culture can be seen in the rural areas of Ireland. Here, a lot of traditional customs are followed which is quite a contrast to the modern life that is led in the urbane areas of Ireland. Ireland also has a large number of people who own their own palatial residencies. The modern Irish culture follows a more open method of communication between the Irish people. The Irish believe in displaying their affection rather than curbing the same. English still remains to be the most spoken language today. The native dialect can be found in some of the rural areas of Ireland. The Irish language was introduced by the Celts and many senior citizens can be found speaking in the traditional Irish language. The homes in Ireland still follow the same rule and are built in a similar fashion, as was the pattern of the olden days. Bright and cheerful colors can be seen splashed on the walls of most homes with colorful doors. Homes of Ireland are generally terrace houses with the central heating system having replaced the traditional fireplace. Although there is no official religion for Ireland, special consideration has been given to the Catholic Church. One can see the Roman Catholics, Methodists, Jewish, Presbyterianism and even a small percentage of other religions such as Islam existing in Ireland. Talking about food, Stories related to the old Irish culture have the mention of honey being widely used especially to make mead. Meat was widely eaten along with poultry products. The potato formed a major part of the food in Ireland amongst the labor class. Today, the food habits have influences from all over the world. Although meat has always been the main item in Irish food, fast food has also taken over. New Irish dishes are being churned out to maintain some healthy eating habits amongst the Irish people; these focus mainly on fresh vegetables. The British norms values Norms are defined as specific but tacit standards of what is socially and individually acceptable; values as explicit but general statements of principle, of which the content is continually changing through changing norms, changing circumstances, changing policies and the accompanying ethical debate. The relation of norms, values and policies is shown by an historical example. The inherent conflict within both norms and values is discussed and the role of the policymaker is defined, both as an artist in conceiving and devising one among many possible but always partial realizations of contemporary norms and values, and as a partially conscious agent in reshaping the norms and values of his time. The psychological implications of this are briefly indicated. Britishness is the state or quality of being British, and is used to refer to what binds and distinguishes the British people and forms the basis of their unity and identity, or else to explain expressions of British culture, such as habits, behaviours or symbols that have a common, familiar or iconic quality readily identifiable with the United Kingdom. Dialogue about the legitimacy and authenticity of Britishness is intrinsically tied with power relations and politics; in terms of nationhood and belonging, expressing or recognising ones Britishness provokes range of responses and attitudes, such as advocacy, indifference or rejection. In the 16th and 17th centuries most people in this island lived in small village communities. They knew all their neighbours. They dressed alike, and almost all of them were white. The vast majority belonged to the same religion, and spoke much the same language. And, at regular intervals, these very similar people, possessed of very similar values, would cheerfully go and watch some of their number being burnt alive at the stake, or slaughtered with swords, because they were deemed to possess the wrong brand of Christianity. As this suggests, promoting common â€Å"British values†, even assuming that we knew what these were, is never going to be enough to prevent some stray, impassioned individuals in our midst from wanting on occasions to kill their neighbours on God’s behalf. Acts of violence against one’s own countrymen that are legitimated by religion are emphatically not new. Nor have such acts ever been unique to Islam. Historically – in this country, as in most other countries – religion has often proved a more consistently lethal and divisive force than any secular ideology. It has also often been a more divisive force than race. Yet, in recent decades, pundits and politicians have devoted far more time to worrying about racial divisions in British society, than they have to thinking imaginatively about the consequences of our new religious pluralism. This, despite the fact that, since 1945, Britain, like other European states, has entered uncharted territory as far as religion is concerned. Before the Second World War, most Britons were at least nominally Protestant. Now, all the world’s religions are represented here. It is a great experiment. But it comes accompanied with new risks, tensions and uncertainties. Gordon Brown, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, made a speech in 2006 to promote Britishness. Brown’s speech to the Fabian Society’s Britishness ( British intellectual socialist movement ), Conference proposed that British values demand a new constitutional settlement and symbols to represent a modern patriotism, including a new youth community service scheme and a ‘British Day’ to celebrate. In 2007, the majority of people in many non-white ethnic groups living in Great Britain described their national identity as British, English, Scottish or Welsh. This included almost nine in ten (87%) of people with mixed heritage, 85% of Black Caribbeans, and 80% of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. Non-whites were more likely to describe themselves as British than whites. One-third of people from the White British group described themselves as British; some respondents opted to call themselves English, Welsh or Scottish. 19] A study conducted for the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) in 2005 found that, in England, the majority of ethnic minority participants identified primarily as British, whereas white English participants identified as English first and British second. In Wales and Scotland, the majority of both white and ethnic minority participants identified as Welsh or Scottish first and British second, although they saw no incompatibility between the two identities. 20] Other research conducted for the CRE found that white participants felt that there was a threat to Britishness from large-scale immigration, the ‘unfair’ claims that they perceived ethnic minorities made on the welfare state, a rise in moral pluralism and perceived political correctness. Much of this frustration was found to be targeted at Muslims rather than minorities in general. Muslim participants in the study reported feeling victimised and stated that they felt that they were being asked to choose between Muslim and British identities, whereas they saw it possible to be both at the same time. How to cite The British Culture, Papers

Characteristics of an epic hero Essay Example For Students

Characteristics of an epic hero Essay A hero is someone with the emotional capacity to alter significantly, the lives of others for the better. In some cases, physical accommodation is necessary as well. The epic, Beowulf, by an unknown poet, accurately portrays the characteristics of an epic hero. Strong and intelligent, the hero in the story, Beowulf, defeats many evils and pieces many nations back together. Frequently, Beowulf performs courageous tasks, which determine the fate of many nations, and his actions reflect heavy, timeless values. These characteristics are evidence of Beowulf’s heroism. Beowulf, who claims to be the mightiest warrior in existence, courageously destroys any monster in his path. As he converses with Hrothgar, king of a land terrorized by the evil monster Grendel, he expresses his power shown in the past. Beowulf tells Hrothgar, â€Å"I drove Five great giants into chains, chased/All of that race from the Earth,† speaking of his evil-fighting past (154-155). Raising justice against these monsters takes a lot of strength, which many men do not have. Beowulf, however, carries the necessary amount of power to complete these tasks. Later on, when Beowulf finally gets in front of Grendel, â€Å"He who had come to them from across the sea, †¦ had driven affliction/Off, purged Herot clean,† just as he has promised. Beowulf puts forth his best effort and kills Grendel, even with strength left in him (Lines 347-349). This is something no ordinary man can do. Beowulf carries such strength, which allows him to defeat almost anything and anyone. Beowulf’s feats almost always determine the fate of one or more nations. For instance, After Beowulf marvelously defeats Grendel, â€Å"Old and young rejoiced, turned back From that happy pilgrimage, mounted their hard-hooved Horses, high-spirited stallions, and rode them Slowly toward Herot again, retelling Beowulf’s bravery as they jogged along† (Lines375-379). The men of Herot are so happy that Grendel is gone and they can now live the lives of free men. Due to Beowulf’s might, they no longer need to fret about the destruction occurring all around them. In addition, after Beowulf practically came back from the dead and defeated Grendel’s mother, the Geats, â€Å"Thanked God that their leader had come back unharmed† (Line582). The actions of the Geats show just how much Beowulf’s actions affect them. They all cheer throughout the land. Because Beowulf heard of Grendel’s infamous actions and even witnessed them himself, he saved the lives of many men in different lands. Beowulf reflects many timeless values such as honor and having a strong will. Not considering the matter fully, â€Å" leaped into the lake, would not wait for anyone’s/Answer,† so that he may fight Grendel’s mother, at the end leaving her writhing in her home (Lines450-451). The fact that Beowulf takes himself into the lake with hardly a second thought, shows the amount of courage he carries. Wherever he may be, Beowulf takes on whatever challenge is in front of him, almost breaking the fetters of mortality. Beowulf holds endless honor; he communicates this with his telling to Wiglaf of the way he has saved his society. Lying in livid wounds, defeated, Beowulf says to Wiglaf, â€Å"’I can leave/This life happy; I can die, here,/Knowing the Lord of all life has never/Watched me wash my sword in blood/Born of my own family’† (lines 752-755). The honor Beowulf contains has saved his nation. As a mortal man, he helps many escape the wraths of monsters and live in riches, and does it all without completing a task, which is not noble. Overall, the mighty warrior, Beowulf, performs many actions which cannot be performed by any other men and which determine the future circumstances of many. When faced with a challenge, the warrior takes it on without issue. On behalf of the men whom he journeys with, Beowulf will do anything. Accurately, he fits every ancient aspect of a hero, in existence. Without a doubt, Beowulf has the capacity of many strong men together.

Mule killers Essay Example

Mule killers Essay It is very clear that the narrators father is very childish; he simply doesnt understand that Eula doesnt like him, and that he will never marry her. He doesnt realize the seriousness of the girls pregnancy, it seems like he thinks its just a disease thatll disappear again. Also, he doesnt understand why his father cries and prays. First when he is an old man, he realizes why his father cried. In the end the father and son are together picking asparagus in what used to be the narrators mothers garden. She is now dead, and nothing has grown in the garden since she died. It is very clear: he must have married the boring girl; why else would they be in her garden? When the mother lived, the garden was filled with beautiful flowers and herbs, now it is a big wilderness. As said before the father was very childish at the age of eighteen. He was very immature and he didnt understand the cause of his actions. Of course he has become more experienced and mature through the following years, but first in the end he admits who his father really cried for that night. We will write a custom essay sample on Mule killers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mule killers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mule killers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The theme in the story is absolutely unrequited love and its consequences. The narrators father never gets what he wishes for; he must deal with the second best. Eula was taken away from him, and Orphan was taken away from him too, he had to die because of the technological progress. In the end he even lost his wife. Text 4, the poem To His Lost Lover actually describes the fathers life well. The poem is about a man who lost his love, and he never fulfilled his wishes with his love. We dont know if she died or if she left him, but in both cases it matches the fathers life: he never had Eula, but he did dream about them doing things together and getting married. As said before, he lost Orphan too, who he loved very much indeed, and then in the end he lost his wife. The story doesnt tell whether he learned to love the mother of his son, but he probably did. She was all he had in life, and as he grew older and more mature, he probably learned to appreciate her, and when he finally learned that, she died. So he has had several lost lovers through time. Another theme is the change from child to adult. Teenagers are no longer children, and not yet adults. They dont have the innocence of a child, and they dont have the experience of an adult. In the teenage years the innocence and experience meet, and the teenager creates his or her own identity. This is described very well in William Blakes poem The Ecchoing Green from 1789. The first two paragraphs describe the innocence of childhood. Children are playing on the green, the sun is rising, the merry bells ring, the birds sing laud and the old people are laughing it is all very idyllic.

Surefire Tactics to Meet Girls in College

Surefire Tactics to Meet Girls in College High school is over and its time to matriculate in more ways than one. With the passing of a momentous occasion in your life you now find yourself poised and prepared to head off to college where, among the homework, study sessions, pizza, and parties, you will have the chance to meet what you have been dreaming of for your entire high school life College Girls! While you may have been a maverick at the school you were just at, you might find that girls in college arent as impressed by your achievements as your previous interests might have been. For some, meeting new people in a new environment can put knock you off of your game and make others retreat to the sidelines completely to avoid the ever so brutal rejection shots. For others, meeting people was never their forte, and at a time when hormones are high and the urge to experiment is even higher, meeting girls in college can seem like an insurmountable task. But it doesnt have to be! Girls in college, like every other human being, ARE PEOPLE! And because they are people, you can do typical people things to meet, chat, and evenwait for itgo on dates with them! It doesnt matter if you are: Shy Quiet Nervous Inexperienced Have a Fear of Rejection You can learn to push through the fear, worry, stress, and over excitement with The Best Guide To Meeting Girls In College! Common Sense Knowledge First and foremost, we want to point out that while meeting girls in college requires talking, it ALSO requires listening. Consent is REAL. If someone doesnt want to talk to you, dont shame, blame, or harass them. We all have our own lives going on and right now, for her, life has you two moving in different sequences. Respect that and move on to the next girlunless she isnt interestedthenrespect her right to consent and keep looking until you have found someone who values their time and yours. Secondly, there are a few things that you are just going to have (or do) to meet girls in college. It isnt anything you havent heard but we will cover it with a quick list in case you need a refresher: Be Polite Be Confident Be Authentic Be Noticeable Be Precise Manage Your Appearance Make Eye Contact (We will go deeper into this later) While we cant tell you how to be some of these things, we can tell you some tips for using your natural talents to meet college girls! Meeting College Girls in Social Scenarios Parties The most well-known scenario for meeting girls is the college party. Notorious for being wild, loud, and a fantastic gathering of (what is for tonight) the most amazing girls you have ever seen. And after soaking up the vibes of everything going on around you, you want to talk to one of those college girls now. But what do you do? Approach her? Wait for her to approach you? Talk to one of her friends first? Do something stupid? Maybe Dangerous? The answer is simple. Pay attention to the situation around you and work your environment to your benefit! If there is a game she is playing, go over and play. If she is talking with a group of her friends, invite them all to join in on a party activity. If she is alone in a corner not talking to anyone, maybe check to see if she needs anything. Maybe she has been waiting for someone to talk to her all night. If you can juggle, just start juggling, girls will notice and they will come over. The trick is to add to the situation not diminish it. Avoid overt gestures that single a girl out or ruin the vibe of the party. If you arent sure whether your plan to meet a college girl is something that is going to create unforeseen negative consequences ask a friend. Be confident and loosen up a bit. You are at a party for goodness sake! Sports Games Organized Activities Meeting girls at a college sports game is very similar to meeting college girls at parties except you have the benefit of already having an icebreaker to lead with. The score of the game. While it may not be the most creative line on the planet, it breaks the ice for the conversation to continue. For example: Dude: â€Å"Hey, do you happen to know the score of the game?† College Female: â€Å"Ummm I dont know, but I think we are winning? I dont really follow sports, just came to support my friend.† Dude: â€Å"Oh cool, is your friend playing?† College Female: â€Å"No, they are in the marching band.† Dude: â€Å"Right on. Are you into music as well? I am Dude by the way, and you?† College Girl: â€Å"I am College Girl. Yeah, I like music! I play an instrument myself† As you can see here, with a simple question related to what is already happening, you can start, build, and continue a conversation with an actual college girl! If you are someone who never knows what to say, meeting college girls at sports games or other organized campus activities is probably a really good option for you. It is a singular and focused event that sets up every opening line for you. Meeting College Girls in Low Key Scenarios The Library For a lot of students, the library is one of two places: a place to get work done, or a place to blow off work and look for ways to procrastinate while looking like you are getting work done. If partying isnt your thing and you prefer to meet a college girl in a setting that has a bit less chaos to it then the library is the perfect spot! Talking to a girl in a library can be tricky because, as we stated earlier, people are there for a purpose and dont necessarily want to be disgraced. Our advice is to make sure that you are not perceived as a distraction. This includes: Comment on a book that she is reading/holding Reach for something that she needs that is out of her reach Find common ground by complaining about the paper you are writing Ask if she knows where the ::insert category:: section is. (Doesnt matter if you even need it) At a library, people are focused on the task in front of them. While you might not be able to pull them away from it completely, you can at least do your part with a nice gesture, a curious request, or a mutual dislike for the current days work. No matter how you do it one fact remains: You will be talking to and meeting more girls in college this way than by hiding in the stacks desperate for that girl to come and talk to you. On campus Sometimes you just see a girl walking out of class or around campus and you think, I want to meet that girl! Bogged down by nerves, fear, or a combination of the two you pass and let her go just as you have done any other day. If you see a college girl walking around and you want to meet her, there are a few things you can do to make that scenario go a lot smoother: Have something that you want to say Make sure that whatever you say isnt rude, shaming, or â€Å"negging† Make eye contact. But also blink. But not too much. Staring creeps everyone out. And not looking at someone makes them feel unimportant. Both things that wont help you meet girls in college A good opener for this type of meeting could be: â€Å"Hey, I have seen you around campus a few times and always notice your backpack. It is really cool. Where did you get it?† A line like that is simple, non-threatening, and leads to follow up answers and questions. Those answers and questions could provide the foundation for getting a phone number, making a date, hanging out, studying together, etc. Things to Never Worry About We know that as you have been reading this there have probably been a series of what ifs and buts and I just couldnt running through your mind. We want you to add the following frames of thought to your own as a way of reminding you that you are not alone: Yes. Rejection is real and it hurts. But there are other fish in the sea. You will probably make an ass of yourself in an attempt to meet a girl in college. If it works who cares? No girl is out of your league. You need to get in the game. Funny matters. A lot. Sensitivity Matters. A lot. Your body type is not indicative of the person you are on the inside. You can make someone happy if you first learn to make yourself happy. The Takeaway College is a melting pot of people, interests, and ideas. College girls are part of that pot and if you want to meet them, you need to first find the confidence to talk to them. Once the first few words are out, it is easy to build a dialogue, learn about mutual interests, throw in a charming compliment or two, and seal the deal whatever your intentions may be. By the way, do you know these 10 things about dating a college classmate? Everyone has their own tastes when it comes to body type, personality, and characteristics. While you may not be one college girls specific type, it doesnt mean that there arent a million other college girls out there who would really like to get the chance to meet you. So, take a shower, brush your teeth, put on something that makes you look approachable, and go start meeting girls in college!

How to Translate Modal Verbs into French

How to Translate Modal Verbs into French Modal verbs, also called modal auxiliaries or simply modals, are unconjugated English verbs which express the mood of a verb, such as ability, possibility, condition, and necessity. With the exception of ought, modals are followed directly by the verb they modify (without to in between). There are ten common English modal verbs: cancouldmaymightmustought toshallshouldwillwould French does not have modal verbs, which can make it difficult to translate them. The French equivalents of modal verbs may be a conjugable verb (e.g., pouvoir), a particular verb tense or mood, or even an adverb. Can  Ã‚  Ã‚  pouvoir, savoir (in the present tense)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I can help you.Je peux vous aider.We can see it.Nous pouvons le voir.Can you swim?Sais-tu nager ? Could (in the present)  Ã‚  Ã‚  pouvoir (in the conditional)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I could dance all night.Je pourrais danser pendant toute la nuit.Could you help me?Pourriez-vous maider ? Could (in the past)  Ã‚  Ã‚  pouvoir (in the imperfect)   Ã‚  Ã‚  He could eat a lot of candy when he was three.Il pouvait manger beaucoup de bonbons quand il avait trois ans.Last year, I could sleep until noon every day.Lannà ©e dernià ¨re, je pouvais dormir jusqu midi tous les jours. May/might  Ã‚  peut-à ªtre, pouvoir (in the conditional), se pouvoir (in the present)   Ã‚  Ã‚  She may/might arrive at noon.Elle arrivera peut-à ªtre midi, Elle pourrait arriver midi, Il se peut quelle arrive midi. Must  Ã‚  devoir (present tense)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I must leave.Je dois partir.You must help me.Vous devez maider. Shall/will  Ã‚  Ã‚  French future tense   Ã‚  Ã‚  I shall/will help you.Je vous aiderai.He will arrive at noon.Il arrivera midi. Should/ought to  Ã‚  devoir (in the conditional)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I should/ought to leave soon.Je devrais partir bientà ´t.You should/ought to help me.Vous devriez maider. would (in the present)  Ã‚  Ã‚  French conditional mood   Ã‚  Ã‚  We would like to leave.Nous voudrions partir.I would help you if I were ready.Je vous aiderais si jà ©tais prà ªt. would (in the past)  Ã‚  Ã‚  French imperfect tense   Ã‚  Ã‚  He would always read when he was alone.Il lisait toujours quand il à ©tait seul.Last year, I would sleep until noon every day.Lannà ©e dernià ¨re, je dormais jusqu midi tous les jours.English modals may be followed by have plus a  past participle  to express perfect (completed) actions. Translating this construction usually requires a French verb in a perfect tense/mood followed by an infinitive. could have  Ã‚  Ã‚  pouvoir  (in the  conditional perfect)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I could have helped you.Jaurais  pu  vous  aider.We could have eaten.Nous  aurions  pu  manger. may/might have  Ã‚  Ã‚  peut-à ªtre,  se pouvoir  (plus  past subjunctive)   Ã‚  Ã‚  I may/might have done it.Je lai peut-à ªtre fait, Il se peut que je laie fait. must have  Ã‚  Ã‚  devoir  (in the  passà © composà ©)   Ã‚  You must have seen it.Vous  avez  dà » le  voir.He must have eaten.Il a dà » manger. Shall/will have  Ã‚  Ã‚  French future perfect   Ã‚  I shall/will have eaten.Jaurai mangà ©.He will have arrived by noon.Il sera arrivà ©Ã‚  avant  midi. Should have  Ã‚  devoir  (in the conditional perfect)   Ã‚  Ã‚  You should have helped.Vous  auriez  dà » aider.We should have eaten.Nous  aurions  dà » manger. Would have  Ã‚  Ã‚  French conditional perfect   Ã‚  Ã‚  I would have helped you.Je  vous  aurais  aidà ©.He would have eaten it.Il  laurait  mangà ©.

Major Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Major Project - Essay Example However, there are arguments favouring and opposing the need to preserve the public employee union strength. The debate remains unsettled. The problem needs to be treated based on the peculiarities of the public sector and the implications of preserving the bargaining power of the union in an organization. In this essay, the debate in this regard is discussed based on the existing Wisconsin debate. This essay is organized as follows. In section 2 the history of public employee union is discussed. In section 3,the ongoing debate in Wisconsin is discussed based on the debate between the Unions and the state, parties, media, President of USA etc. Section 4 concludes the essay. 2. History of Public Employee Unions The first public sector collective bargaining started in the years between 1955 and 1965 along with the civil rights movement. Both of these were based on the principle of the need for granting the rights and freedom of all citizens equally. There were many acts granting the ri ghts of private sector workers like Wagner Act 1935 and Social Security Act while the public sector workers were not covered by these acts. This unequal treatment between both workers became more intense with the private sector workers achieving lifestyle of the middle class (Mc Cartin, 2011). This was intensely criticized by many including the special committee of the American Bar Association. The legislation for the public sector bargaining rights was first started in Wisconsin in 1959.Starting from this, many laws were passed here like the one in 1962, 1968 Meyers-Milias Brown Act in California, the one passed by Richard Nixon in 1969 etc. Consequently, there had been significant rise in the membership of public sector employee unions. However from 1970 onwards the public sector employee unions were seen to influence the political system of nations which resulted in the antiunion voices to a great extent like in Madison. According to the antiunion arguments by the Public Service Research Council in the 1970, the public sector employee unions will result in strikes that stop the works of many government institutions. Other argument includes possibility of unions controlling government. In spite of these arguments, practical experience showed no strikes that paralyzed government institutions and no control of the unions over the government. There are many arguments for and against preserving the bargaining power of workers. These include union strength as very important in protecting the rights of individual workers. The estimates show greater percentage of workers in public sector as unionized compared to the workers in private sector. Thus weakening of the union strength means weakening of union strength in the public sector. Weakening of the union strength results in weaker protection of non unionized workers for getting their rights (Halliday, 2011). The arguments against preserving the public sector bargaining rights include the huge disparity in the wag es and compensation benefits of public and private sector workers. However, the recent estimates show the disparity only at the national level while at the state and local level the disparity is not very much significant(Freeman,1988).Moreover arguments also are based on the adverse effects on the finances of government. The estimates by the Centre for Budget and Policy Priorities, shows no significant

An analysis of the LensCrafter s Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

An analysis of the LensCrafter s - Term Paper Example This paper will specifically discuss LensCrafters’ operations management, value chain, and service-delivery system design. Calloway (2009), while analysing the operations strategy of LensCrafters finds that the organisation pays particular attention to improving customer loyalty through delivering legendary customer service (p.35). As market analysts point out, the firm strives to deliver superior overall value for meeting individual needs of each customer. The on-site production of perfect quality eyewear appears to be the major highlight of the firm’s customer service. This facility is really assistable for customers to save considerable amount of their time and hence to enjoy a convenient shopping experience. Undoubtedly, this innovative customer practice would assist the organisation to effectively confront with the stiff market competition in the modern optical market. In other words, improved shopping experience and enhanced customer loyalty can aid the organisati on to gain a competitive advantage in terms of sustainability. It is also identified that LensCrafters emphasises developing associates and leaders in the global marketplace with intent to strengthen its market position and to address competition pressures successfully. In addition, this operational strategy is also beneficial for the company to cut down its operating costs and to improve its profitability. The organization employs a differentiation strategy to promote brand recognition and remain to be unique in the optical market. Consumer behaviour studies and other market research analyses indicate that the firm’s differentiation strategy has assisted it to make its products familiar to customers and thereby influence their purchase decisions. Market studies also reveal that the organization’s distinct business strategy is really appealable to customer groups who consider time as the paramount factor. In addition, the company has developed a well shaped diversifica tion strategy in order to make a wide variety of eye care products and services available in once place. Despite relatively huge initial investments, the idea of maintaining production laboratories in stores has greatly benefited the company to ensure perfect product/service quality and hence to focus on individual specifications of each customer. LensCrafters has developed a pay later program in order to make its services affordable to all. In addition, currently LensCrafters offers one of the improved extended protection plans in the market. Finally, the company performs outstandingly in terms of customer relationship management and it benefits the firm to retain existing customer and to attract new potential customer groups. The LensCrafters’ operations management activities notably enhance the customer experience. The firm has integrated its manufacturing process into the service facility so as to rapidly respond to customer needs. In the optical industry, it is unusual f or customers to get their eyeglasses delivered ‘in about an hour’ and therefore this facility extremely adds value to customer shopping experience. It is to be also noted that the company has a technologically advanced lab facility to ensure that the eyewear products delivered are of superior quality. The organisation has a well developed and integrated service delivery system and has a very attractive physical layout. When a customer

Nationalism And Sectionalism Essay Example for Free

Nationalism And Sectionalism Essay The Era of Good Feeling: The Effects and Consequences of Nationalism and Sectionalism In 1815, shortly before the start of James Monroe’s presidency and after the War of 1812, a historical period known as the â€Å"Era of Good Feeling† commenced in America. However, though the name of this age alone insinuated a time of unity and prosperity within the nation, sectionalism became an unequivocal dilemma that seeped through the government’s attempts in promoting nationalism, and ultimately divided the country. The Era of Good Feeling was a time where only one political party reigned, sense of unity prevailed, and national pride was evident within the citizens. This post ­war nationalism fueled the country to work towards a common goal, and even encouraged creation of traditions that would be passed down generations. The McCulloch v. Maryland case in 1819 exhibits government’s attempt in putting up a unified front to further promote nationalism. In this case, the Congress’ power is questioned when the ruling prevented states from outlawing or taxing the national bank, as Maryland tried to do. The document states, â€Å"The power of the general government, it has been said, are delegated by the states, who alone are truly sovereign† (Document 4). However, the outcome of the case only came to show that the federal government had more power compared to the state government, and thus portrayed a stronger, unified system. In Document 3, people are portrayed to be celebrating Independence Day on the fourth of July within the same year of the case. This depicts the effect that national pride had, bringing together multiple races, genders, social classes, and age groups to celebrate the country’s independence. Furthermore, this era also brought forth a fundamental period in Am erica known as the Industrial Revolution. This introduced market economy to the population and transitioned America to manufacturing processes that brought economic benefits to the north. Market economy not only changed the way people worked, but also the way they lived, as it divided labor, based work in factories, and opened new markets like the American Fur Company. Due to the prior Embargo Act, merchants also invested in national local manufacturing, and thus allowed for the rapid development of urban districts and increase in population. It brought wealth to the North’s market ­based economy but contradicted with the South’s focus on an agricultural economy that depended on slaves. One of the most significant developments within the country was introduced shortly after the War of 1812, by politician Henry Clay, as the American System. The plan promoted a system in which the South was seen to be the producer of raw goods, North for the manufacturing, while the West as the breadbasket of the country. It consisted of three parts: the development of canals, road systems and railroads, creation of a protective tariff, and the reinstating of the Bank of U.S.. The North prospered from the creation of the tariff as it helped develop the manufacturing economy. The West, on the other hand, benefitted from the creation of road and canal system, a plan supported by John C. Calhoun, in order to prevent disunion within the rapidly growing country, (Document 2). These developments in transportation allowed for easier distribution of goods, thus benefitting them as well. However, the protective tariff prevented the South’s economy from growing, thus leading to an evident economic gap between the North and the South, as the former’s economy started to boom due to the increase in manufacturing.

The Galvanic Skin Response :: essays research papers

The Galvanic Skin Response The simple psycho-galvanometer was one of the earliest tools of psychological research. A psycho-galvanometer measures the resistance of the skin to the passage of a very small electric current. It has been known for decades that the magnitude of this electrical resistance is affected, not only by the subject's general mood, but also by immediate emotional reactions. Although these facts have been known for over a hundred years and the first paper to be presented on the subject of the psycho-galvanometer was written by Tarchanoff in 1890, it has only been within the last 25 years that the underlying causes of this change in skin resistance have been discovered. The Tarchanoff Response is a change in DC potential across neurones of the autonomic nervous system connected to the sensori-motor strip of the cortex. This change was found to be related to the level of cortical arousal. The emotional charge on a word, heard by a subject, would have an immediate effect on the subject's level of arousal, and cause this physiological response. Because the hands have a particularly large representation of nerve endings on the sensori-motor strip of the cortex, hand-held electrodes are ideal. As arousal increases, the "fight or flight" stress response of the autonomic nervous system comes into action, and adrenaline causes increased sweating amongst many other phenomena, but the speed of sweating response is nowhere near as instantaneous or accurate as the Tarchanoff response. The most advanced layers of the cortex, unique to Man, link to the thumb and forefinger especially, and there is a further complex physiological response which occurs when the forebrain is aroused. Changes in Alpha rhythms cause blood capillaries to enlarge, and this too affects resistance. By virtue of the Galvanic Skin Response, autonomic nervous system activity causes a change in the skin's conductivity. The overall degree of arousal of the hemispheres, and indeed the whole brain, is shown by the readings of the GSR psychometer, which does not differentiate between the hemispheres, or between cortical and primitive brain responses. Higher arousal (such as occurs with increased involvement) will almost instantaneously (0.2 - 0.5 sec) cause a fall in skin resistance; reduced arousal (such as occurs with withdrawal) will cause a rise in skin resistance. Thus a rise or fall relates directly to reactive arousal, due to re-stimulation of repressed mental conflict. Initially this may cause a rise in resistance as this emerging, previously repressed, material is fought against.

Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism: The WPA Statement on Best Practices

This article discusses the issues surrounding plagiarism and providing detail into what plagiarism is and identifying how it can be regulated in an attempt to address this growing educational concern. The article describes plagiarism as an act â€Å"when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledg ¬ing its source (Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism, 2003). The most common problems with regard to plagiarism lie in distinguishing plagiarism from misuse of sources.Plagiarism, as defined previously, is the use of another’s ideas without attributing it to its source, while misuse of sources, is the failure to properly attribute the ideas to its source (Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism, 2003). The difference is that in plagiarism, a person attempts to take credit for another’s idea while in misuse of sources, a person attempts to give credit to the source but fails to do this in the pr oper manner or format.The reasons that students usually commit one error or another can be attributed to students difficulties with the integration of the information into their work, student’s failure to properly document research material, or simply be ignorant of the mistakes because of various learning backgrounds (Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism, 2003).Whatever the causes for these mistakes, the difficult part for the educators is in discerning the intent of the writer in using the sources in order to determine whether or not there was merely a simple misuse of sources or a blatant attempt at plagiarism. Students may simply not be aware that what has been done is already plagiarism or has attempted to plagiarize but cleverly disguises it as a simple misuse of sources. The key therefore to addressing this educational problem lies in making sure students understand the relevance of proper citation in their work.

Job Analysis Process

All businesses have daily needs and challenges to everyday, which is why Human Resource managers and other managers’ turns to Job analysis to help them plan efficiently and effectively. Job analysis an important practice widely used in today’s business. A thoughtful and carefully constructed job analysis process gathers information about the duties, responsibilities, and essential skills required to ensure that the proper persons are placed in the appropriate positions with the right qualifications to fulfill and perform the required job demands.Thoughtful collaborative planning, led by the HR Manager and staff, lends flexibility to the dynamic and constantly changing needs of the organization and the people who labor within. The purpose, process and method of job analysis is the subject of further discussion here to help understand the critical nature creating a true value add within the HR function. The Purpose of Job AnalysisJob Analysis and the information obtained is crucial to recruiting, selection and retention; training programs; performance evaluation and managing compensation; job design and redesign; and above all supporting management to meet the demands of efficiency and productivity. It is essential for the organization’s HR to understand what is needed, where and when to help fulfill the company’s goals and objectives, yet remain responsive to changing needs and circumstances.Job analysis certainly provides this highly beneficial insight in the following key areas: Recruitment and Selection: HR management uses Job Analysis to select the ‘best’ fit of applicants to positions. Job analysis assists HR in carefully identifying the most capable candidates possessing the most suitable education, advanced knowledge, and appropriate proper skills necessary to perform a job, or better, function. Training and Development: Job Analysis is also essential in determining the type, depth and quantity of training and deve lopment needed to integrate new-hires, enhance organizational and personal job  proficiencies and maintain current awareness and understanding of changing workplace initiatives.Continuing training and development goals are particularly well served to improve the employees’ knowledge and understanding of the required job duties. A good The Job Analsis system provides detailed tools to assist management in deciding which systems, tools and materials are needed to help accomplish training and development goals.Evaluation of Employees Performance: Measuring employee performance and productivity is essential to aid management in meeting company goals as well as hiring and retaining quality staff at all levels of the organization. Thorough, thoughtful and monitored Job Analysis process can be used to flexibly and objectively measure metrics and objective s to make sure that goals are being met, productivity maintained ensuring continuing company success.Compensation and Benefits: Objective Job Analysis allows ‘fair’ standards to be set for salaries, wages and benefits paid. The process underscores the value of employee experience, skills and growth with particular job requirements. With a good process in place HR can capably assist management in setting career paths, employee development, incentives, promotions, raises and so forth. The Process of Job AnalysisThe Job Analysis process will help companies intelligently align tasks and functions with ‘most’ qualified applicants, hire and retain them, all the while promoting efficiency and flexibility to meet the demands of a competitive marketplace. Staffing plans are best managed and derived in large part by determining and knowing how many employees are required for particular positions, match qualifications with pay, while setting performance measures.Establishing a dynamic Job Analysis process requires several important parts to be effective in meeting company needs, including but not limited to the following: Understanding & Embracing Job Analysis: Understanding & embracing Job analysis, even in small companies will help a firm identify and recognize the different methods of job analysis and data necessary to establish a solid effective system best suited to the company environment. Input & Analysis: An important first step is to determine who will be primarily responsible for job analysis.While usually managed by the human resource department, company managers, consultants, and even customers will have vital input and contributions. Choosing the appropriate process pays dividends later and is a vital way to self-inform management and HR as to priorities, benchmarks and the labor market. Establishing objective criteria early on in examining particular jobs, skills, an company needs establishes a good basis for managing the system and adopting methods best suited to do so.Planning & Decision Making: Any business process or system is only as good as the infor mation gathered and provided and every level of the organization could be rendered ineffective by too much, too little or irrelevant information with which to make important HR decisions. Obtaining meaningful employee feedback has long proven to be helpful but often overlooked. How much information gathered from inside and outside the organization is key consideration along with how information and data are recorded, presented and weighted.HR management and company management must pay attention to letting Job Analysis get to embedded in old information or become irrelevant to management decision-making processes. A Job Analyst: Even in small companies where employees wear various hats, it is critical to have a properly trained Jobs Analyst. The Analyst should have a thorough up to date knowledge of various analytical methods, research skills, be organized and a good communicator. Innovative experience, if affordable or desirable, would be a big help. Cost effective consulting could be a ready complement or substitute.Even if this function is ‘as needed’ or part time, the Analyst’s role will enable the function to remain useful and dynamic. Job Analysis Process Overview: Project and process information is routinely communicated within the organization in many ways. Identifying the communication channels, throughputs and outputs is much more productive than asking people what they do all day long and there are many psychologically barriers of all employees regardless of rank to answer interview questions and questionnaires honestly.While there is a place for such investigative tools, there is no substitute for observing, discussing and analyzing the skills necessary for a specific position matched against realistic management expectations and using modern methods to match with company requirements. Collecting the Data: Job information and functional data, such as available applicant qualifications, skills and abilities, job activities, duties and responsibilities, are collated so that all such needed and important is readily available in an understandable format to all recipients.The HR manager and management should be constantly searching for enhancements to recruit talent at all levels of the organization, even if not immediately required. Planning flexibly and with foresight can pay huge dividends later. Review, Validation, Monitoring: Similar to hiring, a diligent effort must be made to ensure that data and details collected for analysis are up to date, relevant and realistic and in presentable format.Review of all positions should be made objectively and at all levels of the organization. Feedback from a variety of sources is helpful. Deriving and Implementing Job Descriptions & Specifications: Generally job descriptions are referred to as tasks, duties and abilities (TDA). At this stage, no one, supervisors, managers, or job seekers should have any significant questions about the position. About the company and be nefits, yes, about the ‘job’ – not with a fully functioning, flexible and objective Jobs Analysis.Recruiting and retention are vastly facilitated by selecting proper candidates for positions by matching properly described knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics, known as KSAO. The HR manager, and department, having followed the correct steps for their company can now use Job Analysis processes to assist company management in performance measuring, turnover (and reasons for), earnings/costs, productivity, incentive programs, and most important as a ‘budgeting tool’ for human resource allocation.Care, however, must be taken not to let the process run itself. Continuous monitoring and review is required by all levels of management with HR taking the lead. By utilizing Job analysis, a company can standardize and build a dynamic, thoughtful and above all a flexible Job Analysis process, usually with nominal investment, and by engaging in th e process significantly aid in the achievement of company goals.Establishing a thoughtful process at any time will save time and money, matching the changing needs of the organization with quality and qualified personnel. The HR function can take positive proactive steps to identify quality employees with desired skills and education that match the skills needed by the firm while allowing for a variety of other value-added features to meet future demands of the firm, all starting with a Job Analysis process.

Happy Friendship Day Quotes

Happy Friendship Day Quotes Whatever your age, don’t feel embarrassed to wish your best friends, Happy Friendship Day. It does not matter whether you are 16 or 60. Friendship Day is a celebration of a relationship that has been nurtured over the years. Everybody needs a friend. Recall your fondest memories: the time you shared a laugh with friends in the school cafeteria. Or the time you whispered your darkest secrets to your friend, after making her take a solemn oath of secrecy. When is Friendship Day? Every year International Friendship Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of August. However, according to UN resolution A/65/L.72, passed on April 27, 2011, International Friendship Day has been shifted to July 30. Therefore, instead of celebrating Friendship Day on the first Sunday of August every year, we will now celebrate it on a fixed date: July 30. But friendships are forever, right? How can a change of date diminish the bond? If you believe in a ceremonial celebration of friendship, what better occasion than Friendship Day to reconnect with old ties, patch up differences, and make new friends? Make the most of Friendship Day by acknowledging your true friends. Raise a glass to honor those who stuck to you through thick and thin. Gift your best friends a memorable day, filled with fun, games, and laughter. Quotes for Friendship Day Reach out to distant friends, and strike a chord with some friendship quotes. Geographical boundaries melt away when friends get together. Have you lost touch with some of your best friends? Get in touch with them through popular social networking sites. Say, Happy Friendship Day! to your friends. James BoswellA companion loves some agreeable qualities, which a man may possess, but a friend loves the man himself.Eustace BudgellFriendship is a strong and habitual inclination in two persons to promote the good and happiness of one another.CiceroFriendship makes prosperity more brilliant, and lightens adversity by dividing and sharing it.Charles Caleb ColtonTrue friendship is like sound health; the value of it is seldom known until it be lostRalph Waldo EmersonEvery man passes his life in the search after friendship.Ralph Waldo EmersonA friend may well be reckoned the masterpiece of nature.EpicurusWe do not so much need the help of our friends as the confidence of their help in need.Thomas HuxleyFriendship involves man things but, above all the power of going outside oneself and appreciating what is noble and loving in another.Lois L. KaufmanPlant a seed of friendship; reap a bouquet of happiness.John EvelynFriendship is the golden thread that ties the heart of all the world. Baltasar GracianFriendship multiplies the good of life and divides the evil.Dag HammarskjoldFriendship needs no words.Henry David ThoreauThe most I can do for my friend is simply to be his friend. I have no wealth to bestow on him. If he knows that I am happy in loving him, he will want no other reward. Is not friendship divine in this?James Fennimore Cooper Friendship that flows from the heart cannot be frozen by adversity, as the water that flows from the spring cannot congeal in winter.James Francis ByrnesFriendship without self-interest is one of the rare and beautiful things in life.

Brief Guide on conducting projects involving Hazardous Materials

The faculty of projects involving dangerous biological materials (including recombinant DNA), radioactive materials or hazardous chemical waste must be approved beforehand and comply with all relevant government regulations. SIUC 's Environmental Health and Safety Center (453 - 7180) oversees the following approval committees and supervises compliance. In-house biosafety committee and biosafety officer of Biosafety SIUC are responsible for ensuring that faculty members engaged in dangerous biomaterial research comply with recently published federal and state research standards. Hazardous Substance Management 13. Harmful substances may be used as raw materials or produced by projects. In case unavoidable, the customer avoids or minimizes release of dangerous goods. In this case, it is necessary to evaluate the production, transportation, handling, storage and use of hazardous materials for project activities. If hazardous substances are intended to be used for manufacturing processes or other tasks, the customer considers a less dangerous alternative. Customers avoid manufacturing, trading and using chemical substances and hazardous materials prohibited by international ban or law. Toxicological effects of hazardous substances may be local or systemic. Local injuries include parts of the body that come into contact with dangerous substances and are usually caused by reactive or corrosive chemicals such as strong acids, bases, oxidants, etc. Systemic lesions include tissues or organs that are unrelated to or removed from the contact site when the toxin is transported through the bloodstream. Certain hazardous substances may affect target organs. Physical effects of substances also depend on acute or chronic toxicity. Acute toxicity can occur with a single brief exposure, but this is usually very rapid and usually reversible. Long-term repeated exposure can cause chronic toxicity. The effect is usually lagging progressive and may be irreversible Annex C Hazardous Materials HAZMAT In consideration of the technical nature of the threat, NRT-1 of the National Response Team, Dangerous Goods Emergency Planning Guidelines and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Hazard Analysis Technology Guidelines to Address the HAZMAT Plan's Needs It must be used as a main source of information. Other useful guidelines include the Department of Transportation (DOT), the co-issued chemical analysis procedure manual of EPA and FEMA, and the planning part of the DOT agreement and coordinated FEMA's public sector hazardous material training guidelines. . The planning team should use the guide and this annex to complete the hazard analysis and to identify the unique planning requirements to be addressed at the EOP. Hazardous substance hazard work definition

Inflation returns to Euro zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inflation returns to Euro zone - Essay Example One of the main indicators of the inflation pressure is the producer prices. The reason is that unless these prices are absorbed by retailers using profit margins which then translate to consumer prices. Thus, other the bond buying program that had been introduced by European Central Bank in March, other measures undertaken to boost the economy of Euro zone is cutting down main interest rate and the deposit rate. However, it is still too early to stay in the comfort zone about this issue. It is still early to indicate the trajectory of the future policy since inflation will continue depending on the prices of oil. This is considering the weak euro area growth. Firstly, the dynamics of the oil prices continue to drive much of the inflation in 2015 mostly in the short term. In addition, despite the rise in May’s core inflation, more of the general momentum of inflation is likely to remain muted against an overall of still domestic demand of the euro area together with the capac ity in the labor market. Considering that most of the policy maker (Morris 1) spent most of 2014 fearing the worsening of deflation, then the worry is that if the prices are entrenched, then the consumers and other businesses are likely to delay their purchases. Thus, there are unlikely dips into the level of deflation with oil prices diluting the risks of deflation. The overall weakness of the euro and the improved economic activity of the euro zone are other important factors in diluting the risk of deflation.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 28

History - Essay Example Since these pieces serve as the most powerful, reliable and authentic sources of exploring the social norms, cultural values, religious rituals, taboos, mores, traditions, conventions, folklore and festivals, the historians, archeologists, cultural anthropologists and intellectuals declare them as the most dynamic donation one has granted to his culture (Walton, 2006). The same is applied to the given passages and pictures representing the Tang and Song dynasties of Medieval China. The given literature endorses the very notion that the elite stratum of the then Chinese society used to enjoy leisure hours after the completion of the tasks and professional obligations of the stratum. Hence, it ratifies Theory of Leisure Class articulated by Thorstein Veblen in 1899 that the elite or leisure class consumes its free hours after work in gossiping, arranging parties and embarking upon literary pursuits (Veblen, 2007). Since this class contained time, resources and opportunities in plenty, it did not have to get worried regarding their income and expenditures etc. Consequently, the class was expected to consume money, take food, drink wine, make fun and rejoice itself through amusement and recreational activities. Renowned English poet of Classical Era Alexander Pope has also elucidated the revelry-making activities of the elite stratum by portraying the everlasting character of the protagonist Belinda in his illustrious Rape of the Lock. The history of ancient cultures of Greece and Rome portray the kings and queen as habitual to dissipation and immoral activities while enjoying their leisure hours (Blond, 2000). The same was the position of the ruling class of Ottoman Empire, India and France. The French Revolution 1789 was actually the thunderous reaction to the dissipation made by the royalty and courtiers at the expense of the poor and downtrodden masses, who paid heavy taxes and thus underwent hunger and starvation for many days for the

Global Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Strategic Marketing - Essay Example This study will emphasize on identifying the global strategies applied by Subway through relevant theoretical explanations. The study will further focus on revealing the global strategies applied by the company when marketing its products in the foreign markets. Global Strategy of Subway The global presence of Subway has been significantly influenced by its expansion strategies. It can be stated in this regard that Subway has been recent facing a highly fluctuating environment deciphering changing customers’ demands as well as immature market dimensions. Contextually, Subway has adopted a new franchising model, which could be beneficial for effective development of stores and provide better services to customers and thus reward greater competitive advantages in the global market context. To mitigate the problems or restrictions in global expansion when penetrating into foreign markets, Subway adopted the strategy of supporting as well as encouraging franchisees in the internat ional markets which rewarded the company with enhanced competitive features. Additionally, Subway also focused on featuring information of the company through websites in German, French and Spanish along with English and various other languages which further enhanced the reachability of the organization to customers belonging from various cultural contexts (Griffin, 2007). It can be stated that with the application of franchising strategies, different activities performed by Subway, such as internal operations, management of stores, loyalty of customers proved to be beneficial for the organization in handling the process effectively. It also proved helpful in generating greater revenue by maintaining continuously increasing productivity and developing stronger alignment with the local community. This particular global strategy adopted by Subway targeted customers belonging to the age group of 23-40 years in the urban areas who were observed to absorb a greater effect of globalizatio n and thus reduced the chances of socio-cultural conflicts between the American (home country of Subway) and the local cultures. The organization further focused on recruiting local people in its franchisee stores which added to the convenience of the local customers in the foreign markets. When applying its global strategies, the company also ensured that the products served by Subway are of high quality as well as cheap for ordinary local customers (Dong, 2011). Theoretical Explanation of Global Expansion Strategy of Subway Global expansion strategy of Subway has been adopted in order to maintain its effective growth in foreign market context as well as gaining competitive advantages. Contextually, expansion of a food venture in foreign markets contemplates several revolving issues such as searching for quality supplies for the preparation of sandwiches with fresh, nutritional and organic ingredients (Ghemawat, 2004). Hence, it can be stated that Subway maintains â€Å"gold stand ard of quality† while entering into international markets. For maintaining its efficiency in the global market context, Subway also provides training to the owners of new franchises across the globe as well as adapting to dimensions of culture as well as language barriers. Similar to other restaurant chains, while entering in

Judicial Reasoning And Decisions

Judicial Reasoning And Decisions Judges often couch their judgements in language which would suggest that their role is merely to declare the law (declaratory theory). It is obvious that judges in fact use a variety of reasoning techniques. Different judges may use different techniques at different times. Inconsistencies generated as a result of different judges adopting different reasoning provides source for critique and evaluation by identifying reasoning used by a particular tribunal and to contrast this with the reasoning adopted by other judges. From this we can mark out: Where there is a consistency in the approach taken by different judges and different courts. Similarly, where there are inconsistent approaches. How judges adopt a particular form of reasoning to avoid reaching a decision, or to reach a decision that appears more just or acceptable. An understanding of how judges arrive at decisions and the reasoning employed helps with an appreciation of how law develops over time: alternatively to recognise why it is that law fails to develop in response to changing social conditions. Aspects of Reasoning Deductive reasoning: moving from a general proposition to a particular conclusion. Moving from a general observation to a particular conclusion in a particular case: All men are mortal Brian is a man Brian is mortal General observation is about man and mortality. Knowing that Brian is a man, allows the conclusion about Brians mortality. The reasoning relies on a premise, in this case that all men are mortal. Need for certainty about this general premise. Assessment is entirely dependent on the truth or accuracy of what is said about mortality and Brians gender. The utility of deductive reasoning, or reasoning based on general statements, is that it has the capacity to allow us to make predictions, for example: If it rains you will get wet major premise/observation It is raining minor premise You will get wet conclusion Facts may be inaccurate, there is the possibility of conditionality (use an umbrella), but the logic of the reasoning process which remains valid. Where a conclusion is based on a process of deductive reasoning it is important to: Assess the strength or weakness (reliability) of the premise (or premises) relied upon). Consider whether the major premise is itself true. Consider whether the major premise may be undermined by exceptions. In law a particular conclusion may be based upon an assumption that some premise is true, that it is a fact. This assumption may be derived from an assessment of the law (statute/case authority). This assumption of the law is used to make predictions based on known similar facts. There may be doubt about the law. The premises upon which judges rely may be challenged. Inductive reasoning: a particular observation induces a particular conclusion. Example: It has rained every year in October for the last five years therefore it will rain in October. Accuracy of the statement may be confirmed. But there remains some doubt about the prediction. With inductive reasoning there is never absolute certainty. Reasoning by Analogy From a given set of factual circumstances, using analogy with other circumtsnces, to a prediction about what might be the significance of those circumstances. E.g. from a set of facts in a legal case to a prediction of what might be the outcome of the case by reference to other similar cases. , At its simplest reasoning by analogy may be described by example: A has characteristic X B shares that characteristic A also has characteristic Y B must have characteristic Y The example is simplistic but illustrative. Case A is similar to Case B so similar things must be true of Case B as they are of Case A. Subjective element involved in deciding about similarities and differences, example: Wood floats on water. Stone is like wood in that it an inanimate object, it does not move. Stone will float on water. Stone possess a characteristic that is identified for wood, i.e. that it is inanimate. On the basis of the analogical method this might result in an inaccurate prediction. The selected similarity, i.e. that the fact that both are inanimate objects, is not a relevant characteristic. The selection of relevant characteristics for comparison is vital to the efficiency of the analogical method. Cases will often have similar facts but there will always be differences. Even in the most straightforward of cases, e.g., a common assault by punching, or a minor road traffic accident, precise facts actors, conditions will differ. But these differences may not always be relevant. E.g. in most cases the fact that the actors are different (age, sex etc.) when it comes to application of the criminal law is irrelevant, but even here there are exceptions. There may not be any liability in the case of a child or a person under a disability. In applying the analogical method to cases be aware of: Relevant similarities. Relevant differences. In legal context some precedent or legal authority may prevent or rules out particular similarities or differences being relied upon. A description of analogical reasoning in the law is given by Emily Sherwin: Emily Sherwin, A Defence of Analogical Reasoning in Law, (1999) 66 Uni. Chicago LR 1179. Sherwin describes the analogical method in relation to its application in law. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ confronted with an unsettled question, the judge surveys past decisions, identifies the ways in which these decisions are similar to or different from each other and the question before her, and develops a principle that captures the similarities and differences she considers important. This principle in turn provides the basis for the judges own decision. Whatever one may think about the merits of analogical decision-making, there is little question that judges à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and lawyers addressing judges often cast their analysis in this form. p.1179 Sherwins refers to: An unsettled question a question of dispute which the judge has to decide. A survey of past decisions a review of authority, Similarity and difference relevant factors for analogy or distinction. Need to capture some principle which provides the basis of his or her decision. Returning to similarity and difference. Similarity allows cases with similar facts to be decided based on the authority of previous decisions on basis of established legal rules. Similarity and the analogical method provide a foundation on which to build a critique of judicial reasoning (comparing outcomes in similar cases, focussing on similarities selected or overlooked). The importance of difference is that it allows cases to be distinguished one from the other. This is significant as: It allows legal rules to develop for different factual situations. It allows a judge to reach a different decision from that decided in a previous case even where this appears similar to the case which he or she is required to decide. This means it allows the law to develop. Like similarity, the identification of difference facilitates criticism of judicial decision making (cases should be distinguished so that different legal rules should apply, facts were not sufficiently different for a case to be distinguished). Critique of the analogical method may include whether or not higher principle ought to be applied. Sunstein uses the example of free speech in American states. Cass R. Sunstein, On Analogical Reasoning, 106 Harvard Law Review (1993) 741. Sunstein discusses the prohibition on banning free speech (Brandenburg v Ohio 395 US (1969)), and the possibility that some states might try to ban particular forms of free speech. Argues this is without principle unless differences in types of free speech can be identified as principled. Sunstein compares a march by the Nazi party and a speech by member of the Klu Klux Klan. She points out that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ one difference between the Nazi March and the [Klu Klux] Klan speech is that the Nazi Party is associated with the holocaust. This is indeed a difference, but American law currently deems it irrelevant. It appears unprincipled or excessively ad hoc for the states to ban prohibitions on political speech except where the speaker is associated with the Holocaust. p.745 Sunstein argues that to distinguish between the KKK and the Nazi party on the basis of an association with the Holocaust is unprincipled in the context of regulating of free speech. The principle of free speech is what informs the law in the United States. The identification of difference, even though this may be valid, cannot justify departure from the higher principle of free speech. Analogical Reasoning: Advantages and Disadvantages For many analogical reasoning is relatively unsophisticated and lacks depth or detail. But there are advantages: It does not require actors to develop their own theories to account for convictions as decisions are based on previous decisions. Actors are free to simply refer to developed principles arising from past cases. It promotes gradual evolution of the law over time giving stability. This is because where there are similarities with past cases the outcome is likely to be similar, but where there are some relevant differences this will account for change. It fits with stare decisis. You will be aware of this principle, that judges should follow the decisions of previous cases where these represent an authoritative precedent. It allows convergence on outcomes. Put more simply the law becomes predictable. It requires strong justification to depart from authority. This means that where there is departure form a particular line of authority convincing and principled reasons will support such a departure. It requires constant vigilance to ensure consistency. Judges and lawyers are always looking and checking to ensure that a particular cases falls within a line of precedent, or for other more suitable precedent. Disadvantages. The law remains static as judges are reluctant to depart from past decisions. The pace of change is slow as the law changes only incrementally as judges are able to identify differences between cases. The law fails to respond to social change which takes place at a more rapid pace than change in the common law. It maintains decisions which may be base don judicial preferences or prejudices. Is it true that the analogical method and precedent acts as a restraint on judges? Decisions and reasoning by analogy depend very much on the validity of the analogy selected, which is a matter for the judge to determine. A judge seeking to avoid a particular conclusion may determine the ratio of a particular case, the principle which it espouses, by a process of inductive reasoning from the facts of earlier cases this introduces uncertainty. A judge may formulate the ratio influenced by his or her opinion on what the law should be, it then follows that a judge may select a case which best fits his or her interpretation of the law. As lawyers we may often feel that judges in the common law system make the law. As Postema comments: We expect judges to follow rules, but it appears in common law practice rules follow judges à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it was Bentham who first used the term judge made law hurling against English law as a term of contempt and abuse Gerald J. Postema, Philosophy of the Common Law, The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law (Oxford, OUP, 2002), 588-621, p.589 The possibility that judges will influence the content of law even in a system of analogical reasoning, or perhaps because of the system, is a valid criticism of judicial decision making. Judges may be criticised for failing to reflect normative or social values. Where the judge decides in accordance with established principle the process of reasoning by analogy begins with prior decisions rather than a judges own observations and intuitions. It is arguable that this: Fails to reflect changing attitudes because past decision are, by definition, taken under a different set of social conditions. And that it maintains bad decisions where these do not fit with present day values. As Sunstein points out: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ analogical reasoning usually does have a backward-looking, conservative, incremental character à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it should be acknowledged that insofar as analogical reasoning takes current legal materials as the basis for reasoning, it can indeed be an obstacle to justified change through law. Cass R. Sunstein, On Analogical Reasoning, 106 Harvard Law Review (1993) 741. p.768 Would it be better to allow a judge to act on his or her intuition and employ ordinary moral reasoning? Lack of Theory A key criticism of analogical reasoning is that decisions are arrived at without reference to an overarching theory which provides moral content or principles. Judges are unlikely to justify particular outcomes based on a theory of law. Instead abstraction is from particular cases. Path Dependency Path dependence theory tells us that an outcome or decision, whether it be a decision taken by policy-makers such as politicians, or by judges, is shaped in a very particular way by decisions and outcomes which led up to it by the path leading to it (history matters). Legal context: decisions taken by judges in the course of interpreting and applying statute or in the course of developing the common law will be influenced by decisions taken and the outcomes of cases which have taken place in the past. Statement of the obvious: But important question is why are past decisions so influential? Why is precedent and past decisions so compelling? Can path dependency explain the non-prescriptive nature of precedent within the common law? System of precedent allows the law to remain relatively stable but processes of change do take place. Law develops. Path dependency theory can explain change as well as continuity. Path Dependency Literature One of most influential writers on path dependency theory has been Paul David (economics). Work on dominance of the QWERTY keyboard system in word processing and computer technologies. David argues dominance of the QWERTY system due to processes of path dependency taking place in the manufacture of keyboards. Paul A. David, Clio and the Economics of QWERTY, American Economic Review, 1985, 75(2), Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-seventh Annual meeting of the American Economic Association, pp.332-337. A path dependent sequence of economic change is one of which important influences upon the eventual outcome can be exerted by temporally remote events (332). Events taking place earlier in time have an important influence on the outcome of sequences of events. Statement on its own is empty and unhelpful. Path dependency theory does not stop here. Paul Pierson, Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics, American Political Science Review, 2000, 94(2), pp.251-267. Broad conception: history matters. Pierson is critical claiming this is unhelpful. Narrower definition (as suggested by Margaret Levi). Levi argues (in the context of political decision-making) that once a once a state has adopted a particular path (policies), costs of reversal are high. Different choices can be made but entrenchments of institutional arrangements will obstruct easy reversal of initial choice. Pierson, notes that once particular courses of action are adopted they can be virtually impossible to reverse. Political development punctuated by critical moments or junctures that shape basic contours of policy and therefore social life. Increasing returns: Pierson uses to explain path dependency. Steps taken in one direction induce movement in the same direction. Benefits of continuing down a particular path increase more likely that that path will be selected in the future (even in case of inefficient outcomes). Features of increasing returns: Large set-up or fixed costs. Learning effects. Coordination effects. Adaptive expectations. Pierson applies path dependency to politics. Useful in analysis of law as Pierson refers to social institution, politics, political activity and social policy. Refers to: institutional constraints; policies and constraint on behaviour, and coercive powers signal to actors what has to be done. How are these concepts relevant to the law? Paul Pierson, Not Just What, but When: Timing and Sequence in Political Process, Studies in American Political Development, 2000, 14, pp.72-92. Process of increasing returns induces self-reinforcement or positive feedback. Initial moves in a particular direction encourage further movement along the same path. The road not chosen becomes increasingly unreachable as an alternative. Pierson notes that a critical feature of path dependent processes is the relative openness or permissiveness of early stages in a sequence compared with the relatively closed or coercive nature of later stages. James Mahoney, Path dependence in sociological history, Theory and Society, 2000, 29, pp.507-548 Mahoney argues that path dependence characterizes specifically those historical sequences in which contingent events set into motion institutional patterns or event chains that have deterministic properties (507). Also refers to self-re-enforcing mechanisms (increasing returns), and power and legitimation mechanisms (509). Discusses reactive sequences temporally ordered and causally connected events. For a series of events to be path dependent they must be contingent rather than simply causally linked, and must possess a quality of inherent sequentiality (509). Mahoney seeks to conceptualize path dependence: broad conceptualization that essentially entails the argument that past events influence future events. Refers Sewells influential definition, path dependence means that what has happened at an earlier point in time will affect the possible outcomes of a sequence of events occurring at a later point in time. Most historical sociologists employ a more specific under-standing of path dependence past choices affect future processes. Path-dependent analyses minimally have three features: [1] path-dependent analysis involves the study of causal processes where early decisions are highly influential; [2] early historical events are contingent occurrences that cannot be explained on the basis of prior events; [3] path-dependent sequences are marked by relatively deterministic causal patterns. Self-reinforcing sequences: initial steps in a particular direction induce further movement in the same direction such that over time it becomes difficult or impossible to reverse direction. With self-reinforcing sequences, periods of institutional genesis correspond to critical junctures. Critical junctures are characterized by the adoption of a particular institutional arrangement from among two or more alternatives. Critical because once a particular option is selected it becomes progressively more difficult to return to the initial point when multiple alternatives were still available. Power explanation: actors make decisions by weighing costs and benefits. (refers to power of elites and is not directly relevant to analysis within the law). Legitimation explanation: grounded in actors subjective orientations and beliefs about what is appropriate or morally correct (moral approval to acquiescence with status quo). Reactive sequences: follow a different logic from that of self-reinforcing sequences. Reactive sequences are marked by backlash perhaps to reverse early events. Early events trigger subsequent development not by reproduction but through reaction and counter-reaction. Adrian Kay, A Critique of the Use of Path Dependency in Policy Studies, Public Administration, 2005, 83(3), pp.553-571. Process is path dependent if initial moves in one direction elicit further moves in that same direction. Path dependency is a process that constrains future choice sets. It is not a story of inevitability in which the past neatly predicts the future.'(554) Path dependency is about stability: observations of change challenge this notion. Critique of path dependency is that it is rather better at explaining stability than change. Picking up on argument by Thelen (1999) who argues that path dependency is too deterministic. Taylor C. Boas, Conceptualizing Continuity and Change: The Composite-standard Model of Path Dependency, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 2007, 19(1), pp.33-54. Analysis of institutional development needs to account for both continuity and change over time. Problem with path dependence which emphasizes lock-in is that political institutions change over time, exhibiting flexibility rather than rigidity (35). Suggests a composite-standard model of path dependency to account for change to illustrates how incremental changes in political institutions can translate into fundamental transformation over time (35). Distinguishes inflexibility (limiting deviation within a path) from lock-in (difficulty in switching paths). Law and Path Dependency Mark J. Roe, Chaos and Evolution in Law and Economics, Harvard Law Review, 1996, 109(3), pp.641-668 Roe notes that the evolutionary paradigm (evolution to efficiency) has a strong grip on law scholarship. Uses road metaphor. Occasionally path dependent road becomes so costly that society rips it up and builds a new road. Where inefficiencies are built into a system path dependency helps us understand why they remain (646). Weak form path dependence two options (or more), both equally efficient. Path dependence explains why society perseveres with one but says nothing about relative efficiencies. Semi-strong form path dependence saved costs are outweighed by costs of change. Once society has established its path the costs of change might outweigh advantages that accrue. Strong form path dependence costs of change would be worthwhile but there is still resistance to change. Notes that path dependence supposes slow change through time (punctuated equilibrium). Where path dependence is strong-form change is desirable but society is stuck due to lock-in effects. Oona A. Hathaway, Path Dependence in the Law: The Course and Pattern of Legal Change in a Common Law System, Iowa Law Review, 2001, 86(2), 601-665. Despite recognition of role of history in legal development little is known about the specific ways in which it matter path dependency provides analytical tool. Outcome or decision is shaped in a very particular way by decisions and outcomes which led up to it (path leading to it). In the common law each legal decision increases the probability that the next will take a particular form. Early decisions can lead to lock-in (resistance to change). Inflexibility can lead to inefficiency. Opportunities for change arise at critical junctures (guides practitioners to concentrate their resources on altering the path of the law at given instances). The past forms the point of departure for the present. The present, in turn, forms the point of departure for the future. Therefore, the historical path leading to each new outcome or decision directly shapes that outcome in specific and systematic ways (663). Several variants to path dependency. Increasing returns path dependence growing out of the economics literature. In law it is less costly to continue down a particular path than it is to change to a different path. Identifies four characteristics of increasing returns: large set-up costs; learning effects; coordination effects; and self-reinforcing or adaptive expectations. Features of increasing returns are the indeterminacy of outcome at the outset, the increasing prospect of lock-in or inflexibility. The initially selected technology will become locked-in even if there is an equally developed alternative which could have been superior. Evolutionary path dependence based on a Dawrwinian notion of gradual and progressive evolution, or an alternative conception based on new evolutionary theory where periods of stasis are followed by sudden change or punctuated equilibria. As in increasing returns path dependence it is difficult to predict outcomes of change in advance. This is because punctuated equilibria are marked by contingency. This is because the variables are not necessarily known in advance. Because of this it is not possible to predict the arrival of rapid change in advance. But once change has occurred the theory does predict a period of stability. Both forms of evolutionary theory agree that changes in the past directly determine the possibilities for the future. Describes the system of precedent within the common law. Most striking feature of path dependence affecting the common law is increasing returns due to the reliance on precedent. Process of judging generates learning effects. Common law generates significant reinforcing effects and adaptive expectations. This includes amongst litigants who will select their cases to fit with particular precedents to avoid becoming losers. This pushes the law further in the same direction and discourages litigants form bringing cases in case they lose. Judges act on incomplete information about future outcomes of their decisions, this is bounded rationality. Small early changes in the law can have significant future ramifications. Early cases on a legal issue become important because the path of the common law is locked in at an early stage. A consequence of path dependency in the law is that of lock-in or inflexibility. A further feature of path dependence is indeterminacy of outcome. Early cases are unpredictable but not inexplicable. This does not mean that there is not one correct rule, but rather that at the outset it cannot be predicted in which direction the law will move. Evolutionary theory of path dependence invoked most frequently in legal literature. In a common law system the decision in each case draws on the stock of existing precedent. Economics scholars draw on the evolutionary theory to claim that competition leads to the best results (the evolution to efficiency rule). But evolution to efficiency paradigm ignores the path-dependent nature of legal change in the common law system. Each choice is made within a constrained set of circumstances. Evolution to efficiency theory of law fails to recognize reality but is also a misunderstanding of evolutionary theory. Argues that there is an inbuilt tendency toward resistance in the common law. Also discusses new evolutionary theory and punctuated equilibrium or periods of rapid change. This can correspond with change in the law when, for example, a line of authority is developed by the lower courts and is then appealed to the higher courts. This moment may be seen as a punctuation of the biological model. In this sense new evolutionary theory bears some resemblance to critical junctures or critical moments in path dependence. Critical junctures arise as moments of rapid change followed by a period of stability, the legacy of each critical juncture remains intact until some later critical juncture arrives to change and shape the political and institutional arrangements. History constrains critical junctures but each provides an opportunity for sweeping change . Sequencing path dependency. Litigants seeking a significant impact on the law should seek out (or attempt to create) punctuations, for it is only during punctuations that major change is possible (650). Marital Rape At one time the common law provided that a man could not commit the crime of rape on his wife. Rape was not possible within the confines of a lawful marriage. The rule stems from a statement attributed to the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Justice Hale, in the middle of the 18th century. Lord Hale described that law as being that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the husband cannot be guilty of a rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual matrimonial consent and contract the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto her husband which she cannot retract. This extract is attributed to Lord Justice Hale in History of Common Pleas, (1736) or The History of the Pleas of the Crown. It was later repeated in other sources, for example: Archbolds Pleadings and Evidence in Criminal Cases (1822). This is not the law today. The process of change was slow. R v Clarence (1888) 22 QBD 23. In this case a wife made allegations of assault against her husband. This is not a case where rape was alleged. Instead the wife claimed that the husband had carried out an assault under s.20 and s.47 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861). Justice Wills said: If intercourse under the circumstances now in question constitute an assault on the part of the man, it must constitute rape, unless, indeed, as between married persons rape is impossible, a proposition to which I certainly am not prepared to assent, and for which there seems to me to be no sufficient authority. The decision in Clarence was that the husband was not guilty of assault was based on the Courts assessment of the law which included an acceptance of the rule that a woman gives implied consent to the act of sexual intercourse. R v Clarke (1949) 2 All ER 448, [1949] 33 Crim App R 216. In this case a man was charged with the rape of his wife at a time when the couple were still married but there was separation order in place. The separation order had been based on the ground of the husbands persistent cruelty. The separation order contained a clause that the wife was no longer bound to cohabit with the husband. At the time of the alleged offence she in fact was not cohabiting with her husband. Defence counsel applied to the court to quash the charge of rape on the ground that it did not disclose any offence known to the law. Justice Byrne held that there was a general proposition of law that a husband cannot be guilty of the rape of his wife. No doubt, the reason is that on marriage the wife consents to the husbands exercise of the marital right of intercourse during such time as the ordinary relations created by the marriage contract subsist between them. The consent to marital intercourse which was implied and given by the wife at the time of the marriage was revoked by the separation order. R v Miller (1954) 2 QB 282. In this case a wife left her husband and filed a petition for divorce on the ground of adultery. The hearing of the petition for divorce was adjourned for the husband to attend. After this adjournment of the divorce case the husband met with the wife and had intercourse with her against her will.