The History Of Java Philosophy Essay

The History Of Java Philosophy Essay Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in 1991 and first released in 1995. Its development was led by the Green Team, managed by the flagship programmer James Gosling. In the beginning was to be called Oak, and there are many theories of why this name, being the most accepted the fact that there was an oak tree (Oak in English) against the Green Team office. That name turned out to be little commercial locations, apart from already having been registered. Finally, at the offices of Sun, it was decided to call it Java. In the beginning was conceived as a programming language oriented to system fixed and domestic appliances. This did not have the awaited success and under the expectations. The Web was the lever that drives this language with a technology called applets that were desktop applications that could develop into a web environment, through a plugin in any browser. This created a business strategy between Sun Microsystems and Netscape, creators of JavaScript. Java does not take long to reach the hearts of desktop programmers, providing a platform multiplatform and robust for developers. In its beginnings left much to be desired in the graphical interface, because the original graphics library, AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit), was much attached to the operating system and engaged in targeted bugs, that is to say, bugs specific to each operating system. This is a nightmare for any developer, since it is forced to test their application on each operating system. But with the appearance of Swing, the current library of graphical user interface, all these problems were solved. However, the biggest market of Java now is aimed at server applications, offering in the platform J2EE a wide range of tools to develop secure systems, scalable and robust. Java, rather than a programming language, was developed considering a technology or framework. Three different flavors are distinguished, each focused on a specific need: J2ME: Java Micro Edition, destined for develop mobile applications. It is developed considering the limited resources that have a mobile device. J2SE: Java Standard Edition, for the world of desktop applications. It is the core of the language; containing the base of the API (Application Programming Interface) this offers us. J2EE: Java Enterprise Edition, for the systems business. It is built on J2SE, but with the addition of a large security API, giving the developer all the tools necessary. Today Java is present in every field of modern programming, from phones to biggest servers, but the secret of its success, beyond the great API that offers and its syntax, has been the JVM (Java Virtual Machine), the key piece in this masterpiece. It is responsible for interpreting the bytecode and executes the statements. It also contains the Garbage Collector, a collection of resources unattainable in the application, which allows the developer to concentrate on the logic, and worry less about the memory leaks. What is Java? Ok, we saw the history of Java, but what is Java? In theory is defined as a multiplatform language and object-oriented, but these are terms that only a technical person can understand. In plain and simple terms, Java is a programming language able to run on any operative system and implements a paradigm that facilitates the maintenance of the application. Java, like any programming language object-oriented, depends on Classes and Objects. A class is nothing more than a template from which an object is created. But once again, this can only be understood by a technical user. In plain words, a class is a blueprint from which it is possible to construct a building. We know that from a class we can construct an object, but what is an object? Simple, an object is an instance of a class. Following our previous example, a building would be an object (since it was built from a plane). The objects in the real world have attributes and functions. For example a human being is an object with several attributes: color, weight, height, attitude, and also has several functions: eating, walking, talking, etc. The same concept applies to objects in Java; an object has attributes and functions. Attributes describe the object and functions are the actions that objects can execute. For example, the object calculator may have the attribute buttons and the function add. We have already seen part of object-orientation, but what can be a multiplatform? To explain this concept we have to introduce another: machine code. For machine code we refer to instructions a computer can understand. The disadvantage is that code should be written individually for each operative system; so for example if we develop an application in machine code, we have to write that code different ways according to the operative system. Here comes into play our friend multiplatform. When we say that a language is multiplatform, refers to the fact that the same code runs on any operative system. Yes, only be developed once and our application will be able to run on any platform. Java: Syntax We already know the story and what is Java, but how to use Java? Before this, we should know talk java; we must know its syntax. Syntax is the set of laws and regulations must be followed when we are developing in Java. It is a lot like the spelling rules which exist in all human language. In all syntax of any programming language there are keywords or reserved words. What is this? Nothing more than words reserved by Java for personal use and therefore the programmer can not use it in his code. These keywords are: abstract continue for new switch assert default goto package synchronized boolean do double private this break double implements protected throw byte else import public throws case enum instance of return transient catch extends int short try char final interface static void class finally long strictfp volatile const float native super while Each of these keywords serve a function in Java, but we will them see later. As we saw previously, Java is object oriented, so has attributes and functions. In the world of Java these are called variables and methods. A variable is a reserved space of memory, that means a data container. Each variable must have a data type. A what? A data type is what kind of values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹this variable can hold: numbers, characters, Boolean, dogs, cats, etc. The syntax for declaring a variable in Java is: [access modifier] [behavior modifier] [datatype] [name] Later we will see what each one of them is about. We saw the variables or attributes, but what about functions? From now on we will call them methods. One method is a block of code to be executed in an orderly and sequential way. The syntax for declaring a method in Java is: [access modifier] [behavior modifier] [return type] [name] [parameters] [exceptions] [body of the method] Again, do not worry about knowing what that means for now. We have seen the objects, but it is time to see the classes. As noted above, a class is a template from which an object is created, therefore, the class must contain all the information that describes the object. The syntax for declaring a class in Java is: [access modifier] [behavior modifier] [name] [body] Java: Access Modifiers Previously we saw these words repeated several times, access modifier, but what is this? From a technical point of view, these are restrictions that attach to members of a class, access restrictions, meaning, who can and who cannot access them. In Java there are four access modifiers, and three of them are keywords of the language: public, protected, private and default. default modifier: This is the modifier that assigns the virtual machine to any member if no one has been told directly. This modifier restricts use of the member only classes that are declared inside the same package as this one. public: Is the modifier most permissive of all, because gives to the member access to any class declared with this switch. protected: Is the second most permissive. It is identical to the modifier by default, only extending access to any class that inherits from the class containing the member. Inherit? Yes, classes can be inherited, but we will see later. private: Is the modifier most restrictive of all. A member declared with this modifier can only be accessed from within the class. As mentioned above, public, protected and private are keywords in Java and can not be used as identifiers, that is, as class names, variables or methods. Java: Behavior Modifiers I assume the name is very intuitive, these modifiers act on how in which a member behaves. In total, they are seven and are also keywords of Java. These are: static: When a member is declared as static, ceases to belong to an instance of an object and becomes part of a class. abstract: When a member is declared as abstract, this member will lack of implementation and will take only a signature. synchronized: When a member is declared synchronized, this member will restrict his access to only one thread at a time. strictfp: When a member is declared with this modifier, floating point values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹shall be governed by a set of special rules and will depend on the implementation of each Virtual Machine. volatile: Changes made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹to a volatile member is effective only if each of them go into effect, that means, if the value is changed three times, these three changes come into effect only if the three changes go into effect. native: A member declared as native will possess the body of its definition in machine code. final: This indicates what value of a member can not be changed. Java: Data types We mentioned previously a data type refers to what types of values may contain a variable. In Java there are primitive data and reference data. Primitives are those that are not defined in a class; and reference is the contrary, are those that are defined by a class. All primitives are keywords in the language and are the following: byte: Refers to a whole numeric value with a limit of 8 a short: refers to a whole numeric value with a limit of 16 bits int: refers to a whole numeric value with a limit of 32 bits long: refers to a whole numeric value with a limit of 64 bits float: refers to a decimal value with a limit of 32 bits double: refers to a decimal value of 64 bits char: refers to a character and has a limit of 32 bits boolean: refers to a Boolean value, that is two states. Reference types can be any existing class in the Java API or defined by the user. Java: Our First Steps We have mastered the theory, but go to practice. We know the syntax to declare a class and its members so here we go: public class HelloWorld { private final int number = 5; public static void main (String [] args) { System.out.println (number); } } All this should go in a document with the same name of the class and end in (. java), in our case would be a document HelloWorld.java We have just seen the most basic example, a class declared public with the name HelloWorld. It contains a private variable and constant, a public and static method, which sends to print on console the value of the variable number. But writing this code is not enough, we must now compile. Java offers a set of tools for developers called JDK (Java Development Kit) and these include a compiler. To compile this code we go to a console and type: javac HelloWorld.java To run our code we must use another tool found in the JDK: java

Gender Equality

â€Å"Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance. † (Kofi Annan) In Paulette Jiles's poem, â€Å"Paper Matches† and in Judith Ortiz Cofer's poem, â€Å"The Changeling† the theme described is gender roles. In the two poems the women do not feel appreciated. These two poems are very similar in theme, content, and figurative language. However, the structures of the two poems are very different.Jiles and Cofer both use symbolism, dialogue, figurative language, nd imagery as instruments to reflect the cruelty of the women during these times. In Paper Matches, Jiles uses the simile of a match to display the irritation and anger of the gender roles forced when she was a child. Matches are tiny, insignificant items that are sold in packages, and one is interchangeable from another. They have no use unless they're lit; they're only good fo r one flame. These connotations roughly pare down what the author saw as woman's condition in society.It seemed to her that women were hardly more than servants and not allowed much individuality. Another facet of the match-comparison is that matches are passive. Someone strikes up a flame with it, but matches can't do anything on their own decision. Jiles' anger is displayed by the final two lines, â€Å"We come bearing supper, / our heads on fire. † This continues the match-metaphor, but also implies anger directly resulting from the servitude involved in bringing in supper. If someone's angry, they might be called â€Å"hot-headed,†Ã¢â‚¬â€œJiles' women's heads are fguratively on fire, they're so incensed at their position.Something slightly ironic in the image is that the match's/women's usefulness starts at their heads. In the male-dominated society Jiles describes, omen's heads–brains–wouldn't be very valued. That their heads are on fire in the end s uggests that their anger at their position is borne out of the fact that they can think, reason and realize the limitations being placed on them, and this in turn suggests a basis for women's equality and the injustice of their situation in this poem.The poem, â€Å"The Changeling† by Judith Ortiz Cofer, is a dramatic monologue that describes the life of a little girl who is â€Å"wing† for her father's love and attention (line 2). The girl who does not seem to be noticed by her father invents a game that ould make him notice. Yet , the father is â€Å"baffled and amused† by her actions(line 5. ) In â€Å"The Changeling†, the speaker tells her audience that they were â€Å"molding me into boy shape† (line 8).This line is for the most part an image because it is a specific detail that appeals to the senses. An image that helps imagine something beyond just a thought. This image is visual as we can actually see something being molded into a specific shape. Denotation is an important part of understanding fgurative language, for it gives the reader the literal meanings of the words used. Molding eans to work into a required shape or form and to have influence in determining or forming. This image is very significant to the theme of the poem.It shows that the young girl wants to be a boy to make her father happy and she is willing to totally change her â€Å"shape† to make this happen. There are three main points to consider when determining if a piece of literature is worthy of being placed in the canon. The piece ot literature must nave a perceived aesthetic value, nave historical or cultural significance, and have longevity or subsequent influence on other works of literature. The poem â€Å"The Changeling† has these qualities and therefore should be part of the canon.This poem has aesthetic beauty. It contains symbols, imagery, and ambiguities that help tell its' true story. The poem is also full offgurative lan guage, which adds to the beauty. The poem contains both historical and cultural value. It contains information about a great Argentinian revolutionary leader and describes how woman lived and were valued not only in society generally but also inthe hispanic culture. Because the poem has both the aesthetic and cultural value, contributes to the third point of being included in the canon. Gender Equality What instances in society influenced the change in acceptance of women while playing sports and doing other nontraditional things?Rational: I want to study gender roles in society today, because I’d like to further understand when it became acceptable for women to play more male dominated sports. I also want to understand why some women chose to play the sports they did, the criticism they got, and how playing the sport may have changed the way they were viewed within their community. Summary:Today women playing more male dominated sports has become much more acceptable. Women all around are playing â€Å"rougher†sports. 30 years ago you’d never hear of a girl stepping onto a football field, playing baseball, basketball, soccer, or hockey. Society has slowly accepted women into the sports world, by acknowledging successful athletic women.Prediction:While researching this topic, i think I’ll find out more women were looked down upon while male dominated spo rts, and praised while succeeding in more feminine sports. I think women were looked down upon while playing male dominated sports because they’re considered outsiders. I hope to discover that women have and will continue to succeed and push past the stereotypes that restrict them. Athletics is kind of a double-standard for women..we’re supposed to be athletic yet feminine. Sources:â€Å"Atta Girl! A Celebration of Women in Sports† Alexandra Powe Allred. â€Å"A to A of American Women i Sports† Paula Edelson. â€Å"The Girl Who Threw Butterflies† Mick Cochrane. â€Å"U.S. Women's Gymnastics Wins Team Gold Medal At London Olympics† Chris Greenberg, The Huffington Post.Discussion: People should care about this topic because social acceptance is a must for a society to thrive. By playing sports, women explore uncharted territories;  and while succeeding in sports women show men that they can perform just as well as any male can, and can conti nue to excel. It’s important for women to develop this form of independence and nonconformity in order to gain some self confidence, and believe in themselves.

Essay on Clothes and Fashion of the Elizabethan Era

Of all aspects of Elizabethan culture, the most distinctive is probably the clothing and fashion. A lot of the clothing varied to whether they were a member of the nobility, upper class or the poor. But even if a women or man was wealthy or poor, they were not allowed to wear whatever they wanted. It was a highly fashioned age that prized a look that was artificial, elaborate, and striking. The style of clothing of the Elizabethan Era are easily recognizable today and popular with designers of historic costume. The reign of Queen Elizabeth l refers back to the Elizabethan period in costume. Elizabeth became one of the most famous monarchs in the world. She was the daughter of King Henry Vlll and Ann Boleyn. She ascended the throne of†¦show more content†¦Most of the upper class wore clothes made of silk, satin, and velvet, in addition to wool and linen. Most of the Elizabethan artwork reflected the clothing worn by royalty, the nobility, and the elite. More expensive linens were bleached in the sun or block printed. Most of the embellishments included braiding, borders, ribbon trim, lace, embroidery, gems and pearls that got sewed onto the clothing. Another fabric that was popular was leather. It was used to make shoes, hats, gloves, belts, and even mens breeches. Colors were everywhere during the Elizabethan Era. They came from natural dyes that usually fade. Even the most vibrant colored garments muted over time. Cheaper dyes for the lowers class were brown and grey. Black was a very expensive but fashionable color to wear. It was popular in Spain and often in royal portraits, especially the men. In the Elizabethan clothing, there were two shades of red. There was a dark red that was made from a plant called madder. This type of red made a warmer hue which probably made it cheaper. As for the other red, it was brighter and more vibrant red that was specifically reserved for royalty. During the Elizabethan Era, there were a lot of layers incorporated in the silhouette. Most of the men or womens outfits were not made all in one piece as they usually are today. Instead, they wore two or more garments to get the full outfit. For the women, the bodice was a tightShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Elizabethan Era674 Words   |  3 PagesThe Elizabethan era lasted from 1550-1625, it was a time of great change in English culture. â€Å"For perhaps the first time in history, man viewed his recent past with contempt, dismissing the Middle Ages, somewhat unfairly, as a hopelessly backward period.† (Kemper 67). Queen Elizabeth I ruled from 1558-1602. Queen Elizabeth drastically changed the design of clothing. She created new sumptuary laws that stated who could wear what distinct colors and articles of clothing. The Elizabethan era wasRead MoreRenaissance Fashion Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesFashion in England during the Renaissance In today’s world most people are allowed to wear what they wish. This leads to most people having their unique fashion style. Some of today’s trending styles are an artsy, bohemian, casual, classic, or tomboy style. All of these styles are being followed because clothing stores are allowing diversity in fashion. These fashion styles also have trends that come and go. Trends come and go because nowadays people are able to easily afford these trends and hearRead MoreWhat Influenced Elizabethan Fashion1293 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Influenced Elizabethan Fashion   Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many people and instances, like government officials, celebrities, the events of different time periods, music, and even social media that can influence the fashion and culture of an era. In early England, more specifically the Elizabethan Era, much of their culture was influenced by the Royal Family. Not only did the Royal Family have great impact on the time period, but the laws that enforced how the English were allowed to act and what they wereRead MoreFashion Of William Shakespeare s Time1103 Words   |  5 PagesSwanson 22-02-1016 Fashion in Shakespeare’s Time Elizabethan Era (1558-1603) Elizabethan Era Clothing   The Elizabethan era was an extraordinarily fashion era for both man and women, a time when everything was changing from the fifteenth century simple dress to extravagant and dramatic styles which we call Elizabethan fashion. At that time, new styles, modern yet unique fabrics, charm colors, sharp design and glamor silhouette were evolving. Every layer and piece of Elizabethan outfit was equallyRead MoreElizabethan Er The Era Of Beauty And Fascination1088 Words   |  5 Pages Elizabethan Era Clothing   The Elizabethan era was an extraordinarily fashion era for both man and women, a time when everything was changing from the fifteenth century simple dress to extravagant and dramatic styles which we call Elizabethan fashion. At that time, new styles, modern yet unique fabrics, charm colors, sharp design and glamor silhouette were evolving. Every layer and piece of Elizabethan outfit was equally important, from the fancy dress to the smallest details. Definitely, the ElizabethanRead MoreElizabethan Clothes and Costumes703 Words   |  3 PagesThe people who lived during the Elizabethan Era were not allowed to wear whatever they like or desired. Their Fashion choices had to be followed by a strict law! The English people chose to establish social classes by the colors they wore and this had an affect on costumes used in theatre. Queen Elizabeth I followed the sumptuary laws, which was only certain classes were consent to wear specific fabric and colors. Therefore in plays the actors c ould only wear certain colors for their costumes thatRead MoreThe Elizabethan Era1461 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod called â€Å"The Elizabethan era†. It was full of many wonderful things, such as fashion. They had a very particular fashion. The Elizabethan era was the Queen Elizabeth Is reign which was from 1558–1603. It took place in England. It is also known as the golden age. This also happened to be when Elizabethan Theatre began to grow and playwrights like Shakespeare composed many plays that changed the way of the old style theatre ways. Towards the end of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, fashion and clothing becameRead MoreFashion During the Elizabethan Era Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever wondered what people in the Elizabethan Era wore? Fashion was just as important in those days as it is to some people today. What people were wearing mattered to others, and even the government. During the Elizabethan Era clothing, accessories, and cosmetics we re all a part of daily life. During the Elizabethan Era, there were a set of rules controlling which classes could wear which clothing called the Sumptuary Laws. The Sumptuary Laws controlled the colors and types of clothingRead MoreQueen Elizabeth Of The Elizabethan Era1369 Words   |  6 PagesQueen Elizabeth I saw the significance in the clothes people wear and how appearance alters the way people see others. This is why the Elizabethan people would sacrifice anything, even their health, to be beautiful. Queen Elizabeth definitely influenced the clothing of her Era and some of the clothing today by creating Sumptuary Laws, clearly dividing the social classes, and by raising the importance of body image. Unlike today, in the Elizabethan Era, money was not the most important thing. ThoughRead MoreFashion of the Times Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pagesof Jamestowne wore clothes of the Queen. No, they didn’t wearing the clothing made by the Queen or for the Queen, nor did they wear the clothes straight off her back. The Elizabethan style, named after the Queen Elizabeth, is simply the clothing that came into style when she became heir. The original settlers of Jamestown, though under the reign of Queen Elizabeth’s cousin and heir- James I, the fashion they wore was still that of the Elizabethan era. During the Elizabethan Era, a law was instated

Analysis Of Oryx And Crake Biography - 1217 Words

Oryx and Crake Biography Author/Author Background: Personal: Margaret Atwood, the proud writer of numerous award-winning novels including The Blind Assassin, The Tent, or Oryx and Crake, originated in Ottawa, Canada on November 18th, 1939. She pursued writing at a young age and stuck with it. Education: Margaret graduated from Victoria College at the University of Toronto in 1961 and worked toward her master’s degree over the course of the following year. Also, throughout her line of employment, she taught at numerous universities and colleges in the States and in her home country, Canada. Pieces: Atwood has released many books in the speculative fiction genre, including ‘Cat’s Eye’, ‘The Year of The Flood’, ‘The Penelopiad’,†¦show more content†¦This is in reference to technology, sciences, etc. It looks at predictions of the choices of humanity as a whole, to speak in a broader tone. Economics: Something you might not know about this talented author is that she knows a good deal about economics. So much that she actually has performed full speeches about economics in her years. It’s crazy to think about how much she knows! She has so much experience in literature, more than most other people and far more than the average Joe. And on top of that, she knows a good quantity about economics. Awards: Copied from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood#Awards Governor General s Award, (1966, 1985) Companion of the Order of Canada, 1981 Guggenheim fellowship, 1981 Los Angeles Times Fiction Award, 1986 American Humanist Association Humanist of the Year, 1987 Nebula Award, 1986 and Prometheus Award, 1987 nominations, both science fiction

Basic Education in Lesotho - 1582 Words

THE BASIC EDUCATION OF LESOTHO Education in Lesotho is divided into four main sub-sectors, namely Basic education, Secondary Education, Technical vocational Education and Training and High Education. The practice and policies guiding the Basic education sub-sector, the sub-sector’s philosophy, how relevant to the clientele are the programmes, or the subjects offered and whether Adult Education can influence the policy and practice of Basic Education shall be displayed or examined in the essay. Basic Education according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), comprises of primary education and lower secondary education, whilst in Lesotho is regarded as continuous from the first seven years of primary school†¦show more content†¦Non formal and formal educations were to complement each other in a way or another. Thus, both young and old needed education which is functional or practical per say. According to the Education sector Strategic Plan 2002-2015 the main policy in Basic Education sub-sector is Education for all â€Å"Ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, children in difficult circumstances and those belong to ethnic minorities, have access to and complete compulsory primary education of good quality. Policies are simply guidelines by which the government shall achieve their goals or objectives basing itself from the foundation of the philosophy of basic education – Education for all Basotho and the provision of sufficient numbers of people with appropriate qualifications, technical and managerial skills to ensure the development of the modern sector of the economy. How the policy was to be implemented was to follow the government goals as they are stipulated in the strategic plan. The goals are as follows, a) to provide primary education for all Basotho, b) to provide sufficient numbers of people with occupational, technical and managerial skills, c) to provide opportunities for continuing education both in basic skills such as literacy and numeracy and in more advanced skills in industry and the government, d) to incorporate cultural values in schoolShow MoreRelatedThe Prevalence Of Hiv Is Higher Among Women Essay2100 Words   |  9 PagesThe prevalence of HIV is higher among women (30%) than men (19%) (Ministry of Health [Lesotho] ICF International, 2014). For both men and women, HIV prevalence increases with age and then declines. HIV prevalence is highest for women at age group 35-39 (46%) and for men at age group 40-44 (44%). Taking employment into consideration, employed individuals in Lesotho have higher prevalence of HIV than unemploy ed for both men and women. The prevalence among employed men and women is 39% and 23%, respectivelyRead MoreA Perspective of Poverty and HIV on Sub-Saharan Africa1018 Words   |  4 PagesFaso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Democratic Republic), Cà ´te dIvoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Laney 2 Rà ©union, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda,Read MoreHealth Cases throughout the World975 Words   |  4 Pagesresulted in high infant mortality rate and incidence of preventable childhood and adult illnesses. Education and health indicators in the rural areas are also as poor as the people themselves. Progresa (The programa de Educacion, Salud y Alimentacion) or Oportunidades was established to provide incentives to poor families in the form of cash transfers in a horizontal way. Focusing on health, education and nutrition in Mexico, cash transfers were given to poor families in Progresa. The program targetedRead MoreThe Birth Of Marriage And Marriage1539 Words   |  7 Pagesto provide for the child despite the mother’s desires for her children’s upbringing. At the time of marriage, the rights of the father over his daughter are transferred directly to the husband. The m atrimony process typically proceeds through four basic steps of payment, ceremony, cohabitation, and consummation. This final step implies that for a marriage to be considered valid, the woman must engage in sexual relations whether or not her body has achieved physical maturity. Moreover, the legitimatizationRead MoreSouth Africa s Location Of The Continent Of Africa2209 Words   |  9 Pagesboarders Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. One interesting thing is that there is a landlocked, surrounded on all sides by land, country of Lesotho. This is evident by Map 1, shown below, that shows South Africa in the red box and the darker brown country within South Africa being Lesotho. Which still remains true today, Lesotho is still its own country with an unsettled relationship with South Africa. Map 1: South Africa’s location on Africa (South Africa, 2015) The country hasRead MoreImproved Status for Women1455 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen excluded, they lacked many of the skills that were needed in the workplace. Women that come from very traditional homes (where from a tender age they were only taught how to eventually become good wives and never received any form of further education, were disadvantage compared to some urban dwellers. 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The bodies of water surrounding the country is the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Also in South Africa are two provinces, Swaziland and Lesotho. If you were to locate South Africa with longitude and latitude it would be 30 ° S, 25 ° E. The land of South Africa features many amazing sights and spectacles. Some land features include its great interior plateau stretching many miles across theRead More1. The History Of The Black People Of South Africa Is Currently1712 Words   |  7 Pageshad difficult duty of raising their children on a diminished income and in the inhumane apartheid system of South Africa. Nonetheless, his parents, especially his mother, instill the important of becoming an excellent student and attain higher education for upper class mobility and economic advancement. In 1952, Steve Biko attended St Andrews Primary School and Charles Morgan Higher Primary School, he was well-known as very intelligent student who was allowed to skip the 4th grade. He was knownRead MorePsychobiography on Nelson Mandela2020 Words   |  9 Pagesreforms, and expand clinical and healthcare services. Nelson Mandela played an international role of acting as a mediator between the United Kingdom and Libya in the bombing trial of Pan Am Flight 103. He also oversaw the intervention of military in Lesotho. His deputy, Thabo Mbeki, succeeded him after he refused to go for a second term. He then became an elder states man, shifting his focus on charitable work including laying out strategies to help reduce the deadly HIV/AIDS and combating poverty in

The British Culture Free Essays

People can generally identify themselves as part of a larger culture, which means that they hold many of the same values and beliefs as those around them. But they might not be aware of being part of one or more subcultures. These exist within the larger culture but are marked by differences. We will write a custom essay sample on The British Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now A subculture is a group of people who are part of a larger culture, but who separate themselves by their own unique beliefs and behaviours. In the 1950s David Riesman, a United States sociologist, distinguished between the majority that passively accepted the styles, standards and meanings given to them and a minority. This subculture sought its own meanings of things, interpreting them in what Riesman calls â€Å"subversive values. † Culture sociologist Sarah Thornton believes that subcultures raise their status through their subculture so as to differentiate themselves from other groups. Ken Gelder states that subcultures are very social, sharing conventions, values and rituals with those in their subculture even if they do not share those values with the greater culture, in the following research; we will see all the different British subcultures which make the United Kingdom one of the richest cultures in the world.. The England culture: It sometimes becomes difficult to separate the culture of England from the influences of the culture of the United Kingdom. England Culture has come along way and has developed over several millennia, to recent movements such as Brit Art and now encompasses a variety of forms which include photography, painting, sculpture and performance art. Cuisines of England also influence the England culture to a great extent. The urbanized workers of England were in many cases cut off from regional food traditions as the country was the first industrialized country of the world. More recently, a new style of cooking called Modern British has emerged that combines traditional British ingredients with foreign culinary influences. English folklore that has evolved in England over a number of centuries is yet another aspect that influences the Culture of England. England thrives with folklore in all forms such as the traditional semi-mystical Arthurian legends and semi-historical Robin Hood tales, to contemporary urban myths and facets of crypto zoology. Culture of England is lame till we include the heritage of the country as it is massively affected and influenced by it.  Also you can read about  History of the Culinary Arts. In recent years, Stonehenge has become a focus for modern summer solstice celebrations. Though the Stonehenge pre-dates the existence of England as a nation, it is believed by many English people to hold an iconic place in the culture of England. English literature has been made rich by the famous works by the popular writer of the past like William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy and many more. Just like literature, English music has been instrumental in influencing the England Culture to a large extent. Talking about food, there are few food-related taboos in England. Some of the English avoid some foods for so-called hygienic reasons, such as onions and leeks, which can cause bad breath. There are also some types of foods that are considered uncivilized. Traditionally, the people of England have never eaten horses, dogs and other carnivores or insects. Slowly, the eating of meat is looked on as uncivilized. As part of the shift away from meat toward fruit, vegetables, and fish, people have become more distanced from the production of the meat they eat and less willing to eat as wide a variety of meats. The Scottish culture: The Culture of Scotland will give you a glimpse of the rich historical past of the country. Scotland is a nation which is well positioned in the north-west part of Europe. Scotland also beautifully shares a border with England. It is bordered by the Irish Sea and the North Channel to the southwest, the North Sea lies to the east while the north and west part of Scotland is bordered by Atlantic Ocean. The Culture of Scotland is influenced by the residents of the Scottish Highlands who basically belong to the Celtic descent. To the Southern part of Scotland, the residents are Scots with little bit of Nordic and Anglo-Saxon influence. The people of Scotland have a love for learning. If we look at the history of Scotland it is found that their history is full of educated persons who acquired university educations. In the beginning of the 20th century, Andrew Carnegie who was the Scottish-born American industrialist made education easy. In the Culture at Scotland, we can find the celebrations of Hogmanay, which is basically the celebration of to mark the beginning of New Year. In the Culture of Scotland, there is the tradition of taking out Torchlight Parade in Edinburgh. People take part in the Torchlight Parade which is held on the 29th December on each and every year. The people taking part in this parade carry wax torches and walk on foot through the popular streets of the city. The Hogmanay street party organized on New Years Eve last for three nights. We can also find the celebrations of Christmas like that of any other European countries. People take part in Christmas celebrations with great pomp and glory. During this period people go to churches and arrange gala lunch and dinner parties for ones friends and relatives. There is also many Scottish celebrations, one of them is the Burning of the Clavie which celebrates the New Year, old style, which falls on 11 January (unless 11 January is a Sunday, in which case the celebration is held on 10 January). The Clavie is a half-cask, mounted securely on a pole, and filled with staves of wood and inflammable liquid. If we are interested in the Scottish food, the region has a very distinctive cuisine that is usually based on traditional foods. Food of Scotland mainly comprises of the Scottish foods. Food of Scotland is really mouth-watering which will positively satisfy your appetite. Some of the popular traditional Food of Scotland that you can try out while on a tour to Scotland is: -Scottish Beef: The beef cattle belonging to Aberdeen Angus breed reared in Scotland. Steaks made from these cattle beefs are really very tasty. Bannocks or Oatcakes: This dish is an oat flour biscuit that is baked on a griddle. Nowadays people usually prefer to sample bannocks with cheese. The culture of Wales: The nation of Wales is a major part of United Kingdom but the Culture of Wales is quite distinct from the rest of England. The nation of Wales is known to preserve its own distinguishing culture, language, art and music. The national emblem of Wales includes leek and daffodil. The Welsh Dragon is a significant part of the Culture of Wales. The country of Wales is extended 274 kilometers in the north to south and about 97 kilometers east to west. The eastern side of the country of Wales is bordered by England, the southern side is covered by the Mor Hafren or the Bristol Channel, the western side has St. George’s Channel and the northern side has the Irish Sea. The total area of the coastline is over 1,200 kilometers and includes several islands that lie off the Welsh mainland. The Welsh culture exhibits the true essence of the region and tourists are introduced to the colorful and vibrant cultural heritage of the nation. Gradually with the change in times a modern outlook developed among the Welsh and thus a different meaning was attached to the Culture of Wales. Cultural Tours of Wales provide you an idea of the religion, arts and crafts of the region as well as the language. Religion, music and sport are among the indispensable part of the Cultural Heritage of Wales. Basket making, candle making and knitting are among the popular arts and crafts of Wales. Wales is famous for music and poetry and Culture of Wales has a great affinity to the most well-known musical image of Wales. Wales has a long tradition of folk song and has a long history of the instrumental tradition. The most widely practiced religion in Wales is Christianity and include to the diverse Culture of Wales. Culture of the performing arts in the Swansea provides you great source of entertainment. Festival of Music and the Arts plays an important part in promoting Wales Tourism. The Festival of Music and Art brings a great cultural gathering. Culture of Wales is presented mainly at the Swansea, Pembroke, Llandeilo, Narberth and Tenby. These places are perfect for the region’s deep-rooted cultural aspect that includes arts and craft and musical performances. When it comes to entertainment, the country of Wales posses a rich culture and history and the people here enjoy lots of festivals. Festivals and Events in Wales are celebrated throughout the year; the festival of Eisteddfodau for example, known as cultural gathering, is one of the major Wales Festivals and Events. The biggest celebration is the Royal National Eisteddfodd of Wales, which is generally held in the early period of the month of August. There is another version of this festival of International Eisteddfod festival that is held every year in the month of July. The festival of Eisteddfod is a cultural competition that has its root in the ancient times. This festival celebrates the victory of the British from the Norman invasion. Among the other Festivals and Events in Wales, one is the Royal Welsh Agricultural Show. This festival is held in July and in these festivals there is a wonderful exhibition of several spectacular agricultural products that have their own beauty and are unique. You can also enjoy a host of oddball events throughout the year. The city of Brecon is known for its jazz festival and the fine food festival of Abergavenny is also very popular. The Irish culture: Ireland is rich in history and has also been the home to many talented writers including the likes of Oscar Wilde. Ireland has made a large contribution in literature and the very traditional folk music combined with the beautiful steps of the Irish dance all reflect the rich culture of Ireland. The people of Ireland are known to be very hospitable and friendly in nature. Having a family life is considered of great importance in Ireland. The traditional ways of the Irish culture can be seen in the rural areas of Ireland. Here, a lot of traditional customs are followed which is quite a contrast to the modern life that is led in the urbane areas of Ireland. Ireland also has a large number of people who own their own palatial residencies. The modern Irish culture follows a more open method of communication between the Irish people. The Irish believe in displaying their affection rather than curbing the same. English still remains to be the most spoken language today. The native dialect can be found in some of the rural areas of Ireland. The Irish language was introduced by the Celts and many senior citizens can be found speaking in the traditional Irish language. The homes in Ireland still follow the same rule and are built in a similar fashion, as was the pattern of the olden days. Bright and cheerful colors can be seen splashed on the walls of most homes with colorful doors. Homes of Ireland are generally terrace houses with the central heating system having replaced the traditional fireplace. Although there is no official religion for Ireland, special consideration has been given to the Catholic Church. One can see the Roman Catholics, Methodists, Jewish, Presbyterianism and even a small percentage of other religions such as Islam existing in Ireland. Talking about food, Stories related to the old Irish culture have the mention of honey being widely used especially to make mead. Meat was widely eaten along with poultry products. The potato formed a major part of the food in Ireland amongst the labor class. Today, the food habits have influences from all over the world. Although meat has always been the main item in Irish food, fast food has also taken over. New Irish dishes are being churned out to maintain some healthy eating habits amongst the Irish people; these focus mainly on fresh vegetables. The British norms values Norms are defined as specific but tacit standards of what is socially and individually acceptable; values as explicit but general statements of principle, of which the content is continually changing through changing norms, changing circumstances, changing policies and the accompanying ethical debate. The relation of norms, values and policies is shown by an historical example. The inherent conflict within both norms and values is discussed and the role of the policymaker is defined, both as an artist in conceiving and devising one among many possible but always partial realizations of contemporary norms and values, and as a partially conscious agent in reshaping the norms and values of his time. The psychological implications of this are briefly indicated. Britishness is the state or quality of being British, and is used to refer to what binds and distinguishes the British people and forms the basis of their unity and identity, or else to explain expressions of British culture, such as habits, behaviours or symbols that have a common, familiar or iconic quality readily identifiable with the United Kingdom. Dialogue about the legitimacy and authenticity of Britishness is intrinsically tied with power relations and politics; in terms of nationhood and belonging, expressing or recognising ones Britishness provokes range of responses and attitudes, such as advocacy, indifference or rejection. In the 16th and 17th centuries most people in this island lived in small village communities. They knew all their neighbours. They dressed alike, and almost all of them were white. The vast majority belonged to the same religion, and spoke much the same language. And, at regular intervals, these very similar people, possessed of very similar values, would cheerfully go and watch some of their number being burnt alive at the stake, or slaughtered with swords, because they were deemed to possess the wrong brand of Christianity. As this suggests, promoting common â€Å"British values†, even assuming that we knew what these were, is never going to be enough to prevent some stray, impassioned individuals in our midst from wanting on occasions to kill their neighbours on God’s behalf. Acts of violence against one’s own countrymen that are legitimated by religion are emphatically not new. Nor have such acts ever been unique to Islam. Historically – in this country, as in most other countries – religion has often proved a more consistently lethal and divisive force than any secular ideology. It has also often been a more divisive force than race. Yet, in recent decades, pundits and politicians have devoted far more time to worrying about racial divisions in British society, than they have to thinking imaginatively about the consequences of our new religious pluralism. This, despite the fact that, since 1945, Britain, like other European states, has entered uncharted territory as far as religion is concerned. Before the Second World War, most Britons were at least nominally Protestant. Now, all the world’s religions are represented here. It is a great experiment. But it comes accompanied with new risks, tensions and uncertainties. Gordon Brown, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, made a speech in 2006 to promote Britishness. Brown’s speech to the Fabian Society’s Britishness ( British intellectual socialist movement ), Conference proposed that British values demand a new constitutional settlement and symbols to represent a modern patriotism, including a new youth community service scheme and a ‘British Day’ to celebrate. In 2007, the majority of people in many non-white ethnic groups living in Great Britain described their national identity as British, English, Scottish or Welsh. This included almost nine in ten (87%) of people with mixed heritage, 85% of Black Caribbeans, and 80% of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. Non-whites were more likely to describe themselves as British than whites. One-third of people from the White British group described themselves as British; some respondents opted to call themselves English, Welsh or Scottish. 19] A study conducted for the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) in 2005 found that, in England, the majority of ethnic minority participants identified primarily as British, whereas white English participants identified as English first and British second. In Wales and Scotland, the majority of both white and ethnic minority participants identified as Welsh or Scottish first and British second, although they saw no incompatibility between the two identities. 20] Other research conducted for the CRE found that white participants felt that there was a threat to Britishness from large-scale immigration, the ‘unfair’ claims that they perceived ethnic minorities made on the welfare state, a rise in moral pluralism and perceived political correctness. Much of this frustration was found to be targeted at Muslims rather than minorities in general. Muslim participants in the study reported feeling victimised and stated that they felt that they were being asked to choose between Muslim and British identities, whereas they saw it possible to be both at the same time. How to cite The British Culture, Papers

Characteristics of an epic hero Essay Example For Students

Characteristics of an epic hero Essay A hero is someone with the emotional capacity to alter significantly, the lives of others for the better. In some cases, physical accommodation is necessary as well. The epic, Beowulf, by an unknown poet, accurately portrays the characteristics of an epic hero. Strong and intelligent, the hero in the story, Beowulf, defeats many evils and pieces many nations back together. Frequently, Beowulf performs courageous tasks, which determine the fate of many nations, and his actions reflect heavy, timeless values. These characteristics are evidence of Beowulf’s heroism. Beowulf, who claims to be the mightiest warrior in existence, courageously destroys any monster in his path. As he converses with Hrothgar, king of a land terrorized by the evil monster Grendel, he expresses his power shown in the past. Beowulf tells Hrothgar, â€Å"I drove Five great giants into chains, chased/All of that race from the Earth,† speaking of his evil-fighting past (154-155). Raising justice against these monsters takes a lot of strength, which many men do not have. Beowulf, however, carries the necessary amount of power to complete these tasks. Later on, when Beowulf finally gets in front of Grendel, â€Å"He who had come to them from across the sea, †¦ had driven affliction/Off, purged Herot clean,† just as he has promised. Beowulf puts forth his best effort and kills Grendel, even with strength left in him (Lines 347-349). This is something no ordinary man can do. Beowulf carries such strength, which allows him to defeat almost anything and anyone. Beowulf’s feats almost always determine the fate of one or more nations. For instance, After Beowulf marvelously defeats Grendel, â€Å"Old and young rejoiced, turned back From that happy pilgrimage, mounted their hard-hooved Horses, high-spirited stallions, and rode them Slowly toward Herot again, retelling Beowulf’s bravery as they jogged along† (Lines375-379). The men of Herot are so happy that Grendel is gone and they can now live the lives of free men. Due to Beowulf’s might, they no longer need to fret about the destruction occurring all around them. In addition, after Beowulf practically came back from the dead and defeated Grendel’s mother, the Geats, â€Å"Thanked God that their leader had come back unharmed† (Line582). The actions of the Geats show just how much Beowulf’s actions affect them. They all cheer throughout the land. Because Beowulf heard of Grendel’s infamous actions and even witnessed them himself, he saved the lives of many men in different lands. Beowulf reflects many timeless values such as honor and having a strong will. Not considering the matter fully, â€Å" leaped into the lake, would not wait for anyone’s/Answer,† so that he may fight Grendel’s mother, at the end leaving her writhing in her home (Lines450-451). The fact that Beowulf takes himself into the lake with hardly a second thought, shows the amount of courage he carries. Wherever he may be, Beowulf takes on whatever challenge is in front of him, almost breaking the fetters of mortality. Beowulf holds endless honor; he communicates this with his telling to Wiglaf of the way he has saved his society. Lying in livid wounds, defeated, Beowulf says to Wiglaf, â€Å"’I can leave/This life happy; I can die, here,/Knowing the Lord of all life has never/Watched me wash my sword in blood/Born of my own family’† (lines 752-755). The honor Beowulf contains has saved his nation. As a mortal man, he helps many escape the wraths of monsters and live in riches, and does it all without completing a task, which is not noble. Overall, the mighty warrior, Beowulf, performs many actions which cannot be performed by any other men and which determine the future circumstances of many. When faced with a challenge, the warrior takes it on without issue. On behalf of the men whom he journeys with, Beowulf will do anything. Accurately, he fits every ancient aspect of a hero, in existence. Without a doubt, Beowulf has the capacity of many strong men together.